LECTURE NOTES ON
ZOONOSIS
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DEFINITION AND TERMINOLOGY
CLASSIFICATION
EXAMPLE OF ZOONOSIS PARASITIC
Departement of Parasitology

DEFINITION OF ZOONOSIS
Zoonosis is a group of diseases commonly found among vertebrate animal capable of infecting human, and vice-versa.
Based on this definition, 2 group of classification are known: zooanthroponosis and anthropozoonosis .

Copyright 2010. PEER.tamu.edu

 A zoonotic disease is any disease which may be passed from animals to people or from people to animals (According to the CDC*)
CDC: U.S. Communicable Disease Center

Some Facts about
Zoonotic Diseases
 Approximately 60% of all human pathogens are zoonotic
 75% of emerging infectious diseases have an animal origin
 Growing need for veterinarians and physicians to work together

Parasites and Animals
 Many methods of parasite transmission to people involve animals

CLASSIFICATION OF ZOONOSIS
BASED ON ITS CAUSE
 Viral Zoonosis
– Bacterial Zoonosis
– fungal/mycotic
Zoonosis
• Parasitic Zoonosis

Causes of Zoonotic Disease
Bacteria
Virus
Fungi
Parasites

ZOONOSIS CAUSED VIRUS
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EBOLA
JAPANESE
ENCEPHALITIS
CRIMEAN-CONGO
HEMORRHAGIC
FEVER
NIPAH FEVER
MARBURG DISEASE
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KOREAN
HEMORRHAGIC
FEVER ( SONG-GO )
RABIES
WEST NILE
ENCEPHALITIS
RIFT VALLEY FEVER

BACTERIAL ZOONOSIS
 ANTHRAX
 LYME DISEASE
 Q FEVER
 BRUCELLOSIS
 LEPTOSPIROSIS
 BARTONELLOSIS
 PORCINE
ERYSIPELAS
 LISTERIOSIS
 PSITTACOSIS
 SALMONELLOSIS
 STREPTOCOCCOSIS
 MELIOIDOSIS

CLASSIFICATION OF PARASITIC ZOONOSIS
 ZOONOSIS BY PARASITIC
PROTOZOA
 ZOONOSIS BY PARASITIC
HELMINTHES
 ZOONOSIS BY ECTOPARASITES

ZOONOSIS BY PARASITIC PROTOZOA
 BALANTIDIASIS
 CRYPTOSPORIDIASIS
 GIARDIASIS
 PNEUMOCYSTOSIS
 SARCOSPORIDIOSIS
 TOXOPLASMOSIS

ZOONOSIS BY HELMINTHES
 ANGYOSTRONGYLIASIS
 ASCARIASIS SUUM
 DIPYLIDIASIS
 DIROFILARIASIS
 FASCIOLIASIS
 HYDATIDOSIS
 HYMENOLEPIASIS
 LARVA MIGRANS
 LINGUATULIASIS
 PHYSALOPTERIASIS
 SCHISTOSOMIASIS
 SPARGANOSIS
 STRONGYLOIDIASIS
 TAENIASIS SAGINATA
 TRICHINOSIS
 TRICHSTRONGYLIDIASIS

ZOONOSIS BY
ECTOPARASITES
 ACARIASIS
 MYIASIS
 SCABIES
 INFESTATION BY TICKS DAN MITES

Vector-borne Parasites
 A vector is an agent which transfers a parasite from one host to another
 Typical parasite vectors: fleas, ticks, mites, mosquitoes, flies, and other insects
 People become infected when a vector picks up the parasite from an infected animal and infects a human

CONTACT BETWEEN EPIZOOTIC CYCLE
AMONG PRIMATES AND MAN
Epizootic
Cycle
Zoonotic
Cycles

Parasites carried by Vectors
 Many parasites that are carried by vectors are often found in the blood of humans and animals

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Trypanosoma Cruzi
Causes Chagas disease.
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Damage to heart, digestive tract, and brain (in children).
Spread by the “Kissing Bug,” native to South America and the southern US
 The bug bites the human then defecates next to the wound.
Rubbing bite wound spreads parasite into the wound.
 Parasite can cycle from animals like armadillos, raccoons, opossums, and foxes to bugs to humans.

Bug”
ME!!!
Trypanosoma cruzi in the blood
Kissing Bug found in
Texas

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Babesia
Intracellular protozoa found in red blood cells
 Spread by infected Ticks
If you play around trees, check your head and body for me!!

Leishmania
 Unlike Babesia and Chagas Disease,
Leishmania live in tissue and not the blood
 Spread through the bite of an infected
Sandfly*
* common on Caribbean beaches

Human foot
Leishmania

Waterborne Parasites
 Spread when humans come into contact with water that has been contaminated by an infected animal
 Common waterborne parasites include
– Giardia
– Cryptosporidium

Giardia & Cryptosporidium

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Giardia & Cryptosporidium
Get from swallowing water contaminated by another infected human or animal
 Giardia is the 2 nd most common parasitic disease in people
 Cryptosporidium is the most common cause of diarrhea from swimming
 Both can cause severe diarrhea
Gross!!! Don’t drink the water your swimming in!!!

How Do People Get Parasites


Methods of Parasite
Transmission
I need to
WASH MY
HANDS!!!
Insect bites
 Animal feces
 Handling raw meat and fish
 Handling cat litter boxes
 Contaminated fruits and vegetables
 Infected food handlers
 Contaminated water
 Contact with an infected person

Broad Categories of Transmission
 Vectorborne (insects)
 Waterborne
 Fecal Oral Transmission
 Contaminated Meat

Fecal-Oral Transmission
 Most common way people become infected with zoonotic parasites
 Parasites are spread to humans when they ingest the eggs from the feces of an infected
I don’t animal feel so
 generally live in the intestinal tract

Spread by Fecal Oral Transmission
 Hookworms
 Roundworms
 Hydatid Disease
 Toxoplasmosis

Hookworms & Roundworms
They are like monsters!!!!

Hookworms & Roundworms
 Carried by dogs and cats
 Kids often get infected from playing in sand boxes which animals have defecated
 Or by putting toys in their mouth which have been on the ground

Hookworms
 Can penetrate the skin and gain entry into the human body
 Bare feet are a common route of entry
Wearing shoes is one of the best ways to prevent parasites from entering your feet!!!

Hydatid Disease
 After Humans consume the eggs passed by dogs the worms can form huge cysts in the body

Toxoplasmosis
 How many have of you have heard that pregnant women shouldn’t clean cat litter boxes?
 That is because of the potential for them to contract Toxoplasmosis which can cause them to lose their unborn child.

Toxoplasmosis
 Even though it is commonly associated with pregnancy and litter boxes, toxoplasmosis is more commonly transmitted through undercooked meat
 According to the CDC toxoplasmosis is the
3 rd leading cause of foodborne related deaths in the US Order your food to be cooked all the way!!

Contaminated Meat
 Meat can be contaminated with harmful bacteria and can also contain parasitic cysts which may infect people.
 Common Parasites Found in Meat
– Toxoplasmosis
– Trichinella
– Taenia
– Gnathostomosis

Trichinosis & Taenia
 Both caused by eating cysts in undercooked pork or beef
 Incidence rate has decreased with better animal management and slaughter protocol
 Fully cook your meat!

Cysticercosis
 If a person consumes
Taenia eggs they can develop cysts in their brain!

Gnathostomosis
 Similar to Taenia and Trichonosis, but gnathostomosis is found in raw fish
 What area do you think this disease is most common? Asia

Cutaneus Larva Migrans
(Creeping Eruption)
Morphology of Gnathostoma spinigerum

So How Can You Protect
Yourself?

Preventing Zoonotic Parasites
 Brainstorm some ways we can prevent them…
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Always wash your hands
Keep sand boxes covered
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Wear shoes
Pick up animal feces when possible
Don’t drink untreated water
Cook meat thoroughly

Summary
 Zoonotic parasites have many routes of transmission to people
– Vectors
– Water
– Fecal Contamination
– Infected Meat

References
 http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/DPDx/default.htm
 http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/dxendopar/ index.html
 www.nih.gov
 www.nsf.gov
 www.floridahealthfinder.gov

Terimakasih