ASEAN-India Workshop on Cooperation
in New and Renewable Energy
Nov 06, 2012
New Delhi
Small Hydro Resource Assessment
ARUN KUMAR Ph.D.
Alternate Hydro Energy Centre,
Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee
email : akumafah@iitr.ernet.in, aheciitr.ak@gmail.com
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Classification of Micro, Mini & Small
Hydro Projects in India
Different countries follow different norms, the upper
limit ranges between 5 to 50 MW.
India follows as :
Type
Pico/Watermill
Micro
Mini
Small
Station Capacity
Upton 5 kW and below
Up to 100 kW
101 kW to 2000 kW
2001 to 25000 kW
Potential Assessment in
Chronological
PFC/AHEC
MNRE/AHEC
CEA (1997 June)
( Mar 2003)
Mar-2010
Upto 15 MW
Upto 15 MW
Upto 25 MW
Schemes
No. of Potential No. of Potential No. of Potential
Schemes (MW) Schemes (MW) Schemes (MW)
Small streams 977
6154
2396
6172
3484 11492
(ROR)
Dam Toe
99
64
175
599
379
1645
Canal Falls
436
564
1407
1565
1952
2953
Total
1,512
6,782
3,978
8,337
5,815 16,090
Earlier Power Load Factor for potential Assessment = 75%
Deregulated market PLF is being adapted as low as 25%
resulting to higher installed capacity
Total Hydro Potential about 150,000 MW,
SHP after reassessment is expected to be 25,000 MW
SHP potential of different states in India (2010)
Resource Assessment for SHP
• For a systematic, time bound, duly shared between
Government, Social and Private Sectors, resource
assessment is required.
• Inventory of all possible sites.
• Provide priority or ranking.
• Provide clusters.
• Provide financial requirement.
• Provide – grid network strengthening.
Resource Assessment to cover
• Existing irrigation dams and canals.
• Run of river
Several opportunities where hydro power potential is
yet to be assessed and shall help environment
 Residual potential in pipelines for drinking and
industrial use.
 Effluent outfall at water treatment plants and
sewage treatment plants
 Hydro kinetics in flowing channels/streams
 Small scale pumped storage plants to reduce diesel
consumption for peak hours or load scheduling
POWER POTENTIAL & ENERGY
GENERATION
Basic Equation for Power
Power in kW = Q. H. 9.81 . n
where,
Q
Discharge in cumecs
H
Head in metres
n
Overall efficiency of turbine, gear-box &
generator
Hydropower Sustainability
11 sensitive issues
Hydrological regimes
Reservoir creation
Water quality
Sedimentation
Biological diversity
Barriers for fish migration and navigation
Involuntary population displacement
Affected people and vulnerable groups
Public health
Cultural heritage
Sharing development benefits
Resource Assessment Techniques
• Potential assessment to provide information on various
features and aspects of a technically feasible site
• Warranting further investigations.
• Requires a high level of experience and expertise.
• A variety of computer-based assessment tools have been
developed under various programmes by different groups
globally for initial resources assessment
• However, a reliable assessment of real economically
feasible potential implies only when some ground
truthing surveying of possible sites is done
HYDROPOWER ASSESSMENT METHOD
Planning
conventional
 Published
topographic
map
 Published
discharge
records
 Field
measurements
and field
surveys
Planning resource evaluation
Design studies
Conventi Software Interactive  Conventional
onal
with GIS web based
designs
software interface map with  Conventional
tools
GIS
software
tools
 Software
with GIS
interface
Resource Assessment Techniques
• Geographic Information System (GIS) software
supported with Remote Sensing (RS) – highly useful for
capturing, storing and retrieving the range of
information required for such assessment.
• Can store spatial catchment information of a proposed
SHP site on a GIS platform with good database for
assessment the potential development.
GIS Applications for Assessing Hydropower
Potential
• River network – segmented and over laid with other GIS
based details like DEM (remote sensing), land use, soil
type, weather etc.
• Potential head with integrating time series and derived
flow duration curves and annual flow data in GIS based
models, power and energy assessment is made.
GIS integrated software for preliminary SHP assessment
 NVE Atlas - Potential for SHP -Norway,
 Virtual Hydropower Prospector (VHP) – INL USA,
 RHAM Kerr Wood Leidal Associates Ltd (KWL),
 Hydrobot -Nick Forrest Associates Ltd. et al
 VAPIDRO ASTE – ERSE Spa.
Software Tools for SHP Assessment
Modern packages have integrated GIS tools and some of
them are a part of GIS software.
River discharge is assessed using flow duration curve (FDC)
and the simulated stream flow (model) approach.
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IMP form Natural Resources Canada and POWEL
RETScreen® form Natural Resources Canada
PEACH form ISL Bureau d’Ingénieurs Conseils, France
Hydrohelp, Gordon J.L and
OELHydroSys, Canada and
SMART Mini Idro from ERSE SpA, Italy
(Source: Punys et all (2011))
UNDP GEF Hilly Hydro Project
Zonal Plan -Activity
Information associated with individual catchments
were also extracted from the toposheets:
SOI toposheets references Number
Name of the stream
Name of the river basin
Catchment area (in km2)
Length of main channel (in km)
Catchment perimeter (in km)
Highest point elevation of the catchment
Elevation at stream meeting point with the major river
Stream meeting point with the main river Latitude and Longitude
Information about the snow/glacier/rain fed
Name of the state
Name of the district
Major contour lines crossing the stream
Major road network available
Locations of villages and town were also marked
Latitude and longitude grid on all sides of the drawing were also
marked.
UNDP GEF Hilly Hydro Project
Zonal Plan -Activity
Development of Regional and Sub Regional Flow
duration curves for ungauged catchments
The discharge data for streams with varying length and quality
were collected from various sources in the 13 hilly states for
gauged small streams.
Discharge data of 102 catchments could be collected.
Based on gauged stream date, flow duration estimates have
been prepared for ungauged streams.
UNDP GEF Hilly Hydro Project
Zonal Plan -Activity
Hydro Power Potential
For each catchment, hydropower potential has been
computed.
The Hydro Power Potential has been calculate for 50%, 75%
And 90% dependable flows for each site in all the 13 states.
UNDP GEF Hilly Hydro Project
Zonal Plan -Activity
Information about
State and District boundaries
Rivers
Road and Railway networks
location of major cities
of all thirteen states were
digitized using Graphtec KD 4610 digitizer.
Using ILWIS GIS Software the identified SHP Sites
were overlaid the digitised maps.
UNDP GEF Hilly Hydro Project
Cluster Map
Zonal Plan -Activity
Prospects for technology improvement and
innovation
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Variable speed technology
Matrix technology
Fish-friendly turbines
Hydrokinetic turbines
Abrasive resistant turbines
Tunnelling technology
Dam technology
Optimization of operation
• New technologies are being developed to take advantage
small water elevation changes/ head , but mostly rely on the
kinetic energy of stream flow compared to potential energy
due to hydraulic head
• "Free Flow" or "hydrokinetic" generation captures energy
from moving water without requiring a dam or diversion
• While hydrokinetics includes generation from ocean tides,
currents and waves; application in the near future is likely
to be in rivers and streams
AHEC, IIT Roorkee
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Set up initially by MNRE government of India in 1982
Exclusive academic center of IIT Roorkee working with focus on SHP
development and recognized as National Resource Centre for Small
Hydropower.
Large national database and resource assessment for shp development
and rural electrification.
Preparing the National Standards/ Code of Practices for SHP
development.
Systematic state master plans for shp and remote village electrification
Training and education in shp at all levels and related field as per
requirement. Two Masters of Techonlogy and PhD programmes are
offered
Independent performance and efficeincy testing and evaluation of shp
stations
International training and technical support.
Real-Time Digital Simulator (RTDS) for Small
Hydropower Plant
at Alternate Hydro Energy Centre
IIT Roorkee