AP Biology
John D. O’Bryant School of
Mathematics and Science
September 24, 2012
AP Biology
Agenda
 Do Now (Quiz)
 Little Mito
 Cells and Organelles
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
AP Biology
Lecture/Discussion
Video clip: Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Membrane
Video clip: Organelles in the Cytoplasm
Do Now (Quiz)
 1. Which structure is common to plant and animal
cells?

A) chloroplast
B) wall made of cellulose
C) central vacuole
D) mitochondrion
E) centriole
AP Biology
Do Now (Quiz)
 2. All of the following cell components are found in
prokaryotic cells EXCEPT
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A) DNA
B) ribosomes
C) cell membrane
D) nuclear envelope
E) enzymes
AP Biology
Do Now (Quiz)
 3. Cells of the pancreas will incorporate radioactively
labeled amino acids into proteins. This "tagging" of newly
synthesized proteins enables a researcher to track their
location. In this case, we are tracking an enzyme secreted
by pancreatic cells. What is its most likely pathway?

A) ER → Golgi → nucleus
B) Golgi → ER → lysosome
C) nucleus → ER → Golgi
D) ER → Golgi → vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane
E) ER → lysosomes → vesicles that fuse with plasma
membrane
AP Biology
Do Now (Quiz)
 4. The nitrogenous base, adenine, is found in
which three of the following?
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A) Proteins, chlorophyll, and vitamin A
B) Proteins, ATP, and DNA
C) ATP, DNA, and RNA
D) Chlorophyll, ATP, and DNA
E) Proteins, carbohydrates, and ATP
AP Biology
Do Now (Quiz)
 5. The nucleolus functions in the production of




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A) Golgi apparatus
B) microtubules
C) mitochondria
D) ribosomes
E) endoplasmic reticulum
AP Biology
Do Now (Quiz)
 6. Which of the following organelles modifies and
packages for secretion the materials produced by
the ribosomes?
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
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A) The chloroplast
B) The Golgi apparatus
C) The nucleus
D) The nucleolus
E) The mitochondrion
AP Biology
Do Now (Quiz)
 7. Paramecia are unicellular protists that have contractile
vacuoles to remove excess intracellular water. In an
experimental investigation, paramecia were placed in salt
solutions of increasing osmolarity. The rate at which the
contractile vacuole contracted to pump out excess water
was determined and plotted against osmolarity of the
solutions, as shown in the graph.
Rate of
contraction
(contractions
per minute)
Osmolarity of solution (mM)
AP Biology
Do Now (Quiz)
 7. Which of the following is the correct explanation for the
data?
 (A) At higher osmolarity, lower rates of contraction are
required because more salt diffuses into the paramecia.
 (B) The contraction rate increases as the osmolarity
decreases because the amount of water entering the
paramecia by osmosis increases.
 (C) The contractile vacuole is less efficient in solutions of
high osmolarity because of the reduced amount of ATP
produced from cellular respiration.
 (D) In an isosmotic salt solution, there is no diffusion of
water into or out of the paramecia, so the contraction rate is
zero.
AP Biology
Cells & Cell Organelles
Doing Life’s Work
AP Biology
2009-
Endoplasmic Reticulum
 Function

works on proteins
 helps complete the
proteins after ribosome
builds them

makes membranes
 Structure

rough ER
 ribosomes attached
 works on proteins

smooth ER
 makes membranes
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cytoplasm
jelly-like material holding
organelles in place
vacuole & vesicles
transport inside cells
storage
lysosome
food digestion
garbage disposal &
recycling
ribosomes
builds proteins
mitochondria
make ATP energy
from sugar + O2
cell membrane
cell boundary
controls movement
of materials in & out
recognizes
AP Biology signals
nucleus
protects DNA
controls cell
ER
works on proteins
makes membranes
Golgi Apparatus
 Function

finishes, sorts, labels & ships proteins
 like UPS headquarters
 shipping & receiving department

ships proteins in vesicles
 “UPS trucks”
 Structure

AP Biology
vesicles
carrying proteins
membrane sacs
transport vesicles
cytoplasm
jelly-like material holding
organelles in place
vacuole & vesicles
transport inside cells
storage
lysosome
food digestion
garbage disposal &
recycling
ribosomes
builds proteins
mitochondria
make ATP energy
from sugar + O2
cell membrane
cell boundary
controls movement
of materials in & out
recognizes
signals
AP Biology
nucleus
protects DNA
controls cell
ER
helps finish proteins
makes membranes
Golgi apparatus
finishes, packages
& ships proteins
endoplasmic
reticulum
nucleus
protein
on its way!
DNA
RNA
vesicle
TO:
TO:
TO:
vesicle
ribosomes
TO:
finished
protein
protein
Golgi
apparatus
Making Proteins
AP Biology
Cell membrane
phosphate
“head”
 Function
separates cell from outside
 controls what enters or leaves cell

 O2, CO2, food, H2O, nutrients, waste

recognizes signals from other cells
 allows communication between cells
 Structure

double layer of fat
 phospholipid bilayer

receptor molecules
 proteins that
AP Biology receive
signals
lipid “tail”
cytoplasm
jelly-like material holding
organelles in place
vacuole & vesicles
transport inside cells
storage
lysosome
food digestion
garbage disposal &
recycling
nucleus
protects DNA
controls cell
centrioles
cell division
ribosomes
builds proteins
mitochondria
make ATP energy
from sugar + O2
cell membrane
cell boundary
controls movement
of materials in & out
recognizes
signals
AP Biology
ER
helps finish proteins
makes membranes
Golgi apparatus
finishes, packages
& ships proteins
nucleus
control cell
protects DNA
nucleolus
make ribosomes
endoplasmic reticulum
processes proteins
makes membranes
ribosomes
make proteins
cytoplasm
jelly-like material
around organelles
central vacuole
storage: food,
water or waste
Golgi apparatus
finish & ship
proteins
cell wall
support
mitochondria
make ATP in
cellular respiration
cell membrane
cell boundary
controls movement
of materials in & out
recognizes
signals
AP Biology
chloroplast
make ATP & sugars in
photosynthesis
lysosome
digestion & clean up
3. Cells need to make more cells!
 Making more cells

to replace, repair & grow,
the cell must…
 copy their DNA
 make extra organelles
 divide the new DNA & new
organelles between 2 new
“daughter” cells

organelles that do this
work…
 nucleus
 centrioles
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Centrioles
 Function

help coordinate cell division
 only in animal cells
 Structure

AP Biology
one pair in each cell
Cell Summary
 Cells have 3 main jobs

make energy
 need food + O2
 cellular respiration & photosynthesis
 need to remove wastes

make proteins
Our organelles
do all those
jobs!
 need instructions from DNA
 need to chain together amino acids & “finish”
& “ship” the protein

make more cells
 need to copy DNA & divide it up to daughter cells
AP Biology
That’s my
cellular story…
Any Questions?
AP Biology
2009-2010