Punishments
List all punishments we looked at last
week
Name each of the Punishments and give reasons why it was used
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Tudor punishments and executions
• Causes:
• Humiliation
• Fear
• Terror
• Cost
• Implementation
Ultimate deterrent
Public Executions
John Penry
Mary Queen of Scots
Early Life:
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Early life and upbringing
Influences and beliefs
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Arrest and imprisonment
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Execution
Arrest and execution
http://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone
/clips/execution-of-mary-queen-ofscots/4147.html
Mary Queen of Scots
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Mary, Queen of Scots, was born in 1542 and was executed on 1587
Mary was Elizabeth I's cousin.
Mary had been brought up as a strict Catholic which put her at odds with the Protestant
Elizabeth.
Became queen when she was only one
Raised at the French court, and was married at 15. Her husband the French prince died a year
later. She returned to Scotland, re-married – very turbulent relationship, they had a son, later
became James I of England. Her husband was found strangled in there ruins of their house,
which was set on fire
She married again to the Earl of Bothwell – who many believed killed her husband
She was arrested by Scottish Nobles but escaped to England hoping her cousin would help her
She didn’t she imprisoned her in many different house throughout England for the next 19
years
Elizabeth wanted to maintain religious stability
Mary was an obvious replacement for Catholics who did not want Elizabeth to be queen
Elizabeth I was reluctant to sign Mary's death warrant but she had no option when it was clear
Mary had committed treasons against her by taking part in the Babington Plot
On 8 February 1587, Mary, Queen of Scots was executed at Fotheringhay Castle.
She wore a blood red bodice, symbolising Catholic martyrdom.
James VI of Scotland had Fotheringhay destroyed after he became King of England. He united
the two nations and had Mary and Elizabeth buried side by side in Westminster Abbey.
John Penry
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1563 – 1593
Welsh
Brought up a Roman Catholic
Son of a wealthy farmer
Attended Cambridge university and then Oxford, came into contact with
protestant ideas and influences
Known in Wales for his skills as a preacher , being known as ’Telyn Cymru’ (the
Welsh Harp)
Wanted the church to be improved, even petitioned the queen (Elizabeth I)
Arrest by the archbishop
Got involved in printing information about the church – this was viewed by
many as treason
He had to continue to move around to avoid arrest
Continued to denounce to church and openly spoke about it
1592/93 – arrested, and despite swearing allegiance to the queen and the
country was sentenced to death and executed on 29 March 1593
Influence at the time quite limited
Considered by historians as the first welsh protestant preacher
Marian Persecutions
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1553 – 1558
Carried out against protestant reformers
During the reign of Mary I
Executed under pro-catholic legislation
Executed through burning
284 burned as heretics during her reign
Earned her the nickname ‘Bloody Mary’
Famous protestants executed under the Marian
persecutions – Hugh Latimer, Nicolas Ridley &
Thomas Cramner
Bridewells
Prisons in the 16th and
17th centuries
House of correction
Debtors’ Prisons
Imprisonment in the 16th and
17th centuries
House of Correction
• The house of correction was a built after the passing of the
Elizabethan Poor Law (1601)
• The first Houses of Correction were set up in Tudor times.
They continued in use well into the 19th Century
• places where those who were "unwilling to work", including
vagrants and beggars, were set to work.
• Also used to punish those who were found guilty of
disturbing the peace e.g. three youths were sent to the house
of correction for singing in the streets.
• Over the centuries their role changed from a place to train
vagrants to a lock-up for petty criminals who were not to be
exposed to the more hardened prisoners in gaol.
• House of Correction Houses of Correction started as a Tudor
experiment influenced by European philosophers. The aim
was to both punish, and at the same time train, petty
criminals so that they would become useful members of
society.
• Simple crafts were taught to prisoners while in custody. This
attempt failed, but houses of correction continued to be used
across the country for petty criminals such as children who
stole, prostitutes, ‘sturdy beggars’, and lunatics. The first ever
House of Correction was at the palace of Bridewell in London,
and the name ‘bridewell’ was often used as an alternative to
‘House of Correction’
Bridewells
• Another name given to a house of correction. Many
towns built ‘Bridewells’, the first was in London at
Bridewell Palace, which is where the name Bridewell
comes from.
• Vagrants, unmarried mothers and runaway
apprentices were sent to the Bridewell
• They were whipped and set to hard labour
• Extra punishment were given if inmates misbehaved
• People believed that crimes occurred because people
were not working hard enough
Debtors’ Prisons
• A debtors' prison is a prison for those who are unable to pay a
debt.
• Prior to the mid 19th century debtors' prisons were a
common way to deal with unpaid debt
• debtors, both men and women, were locked up together in a
single large cell until their families paid their debt
• Debt prisoners often died of disease contracted from other
debt prisoners.
• Conditions included starvation and abuse from other
prisoners.
• If the father of a family was imprisoned for debt, the family
business often suffered while the mother and children fell
into poverty. Unable to pay the debt, the father often
remained in debtors' prison for many years.
• In the United Kingdom, debtors' prisons varied in the amount of freedom
they allowed the debtor.
• With a little money, a debtor could pay for some freedoms
• Life in these prisons, however, was far from pleasant and the inmates
were forced to pay for their keep.
• Some debtors prisoners were even less fortunate, being sent to prisons
with a mixture of vicious criminals and petty criminals, and many more
were confined to a single cell.
• The father of the English author Charles Dickens was sent to one of these
prisons (Marshalsea Prison), which were often described in Dickens'
novels.[4]
• In 1869 the UK abolished imprisonment for debt, although debtors who
had the means to pay their debt, but did not do so, could still be
incarcerated for up to six weeks.
• http://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/tran
sportation-to-australia-1787/11052.html
• http://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/how
-to-punish-the-18th-and-19th-centurycriminal/11054.html
Transportation
What was the Bloody Code?
• Give two examples of the crimes which were
punishable by death
• Why was the bloody code introduced and
continue for so many years?
• Why were executions held in public?
• What were the alternatives to executions?
Prison Reformers
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Changes in the 1800’s
Separate System
Silent System
John Howard
Elizabeth Fry
George O Paul
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Overcrowded
Unhealthy and unhygienic
Mixed cells
No re-education
Violent punishments
Badly organised
Corrupt
Changes in the 1800’s
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Separate prison cells
Toilets in the cells
Organised
New buildings
More prison officers
Hard labour
Disciplined
Cruel
Training for officers
Separate System
• Indivdual cells
• Worked, prayed had religious teaching
• Only left their cell for one hour of exercise and
religious events
• Solitary confinement
• Pentonville prison first one
• 1850’s onwards
• Over 50 in the country
• Later on they became a bit more relaxed
• Very expensive
Silent System
• Some said separate system was too harsh
• There was high insanity and suicide rate
• So they decided to let the prisoners work
together but in silence
• It was cheaper because no new buildings were
needed
• But needed great discipline to be effective
• Pointless work
Elizabeth Fry
• Born 1780 - 1845
• Brought up as Quaker (religious/strict protestant &
Christian)
• Helped the homeless
• Reformed women’s prison in Newgate Gaol (prison)
• Helped bring about changes in prisons – particularly
newgate.
• Providing clothing, furniture, females warders,
schools and skills for women and children
John Howard
• Born 1726 – 90
• Worked as a sherfiff in bedfordshire and was
responsible for prisons
• Produced a books which discuss the state of
prisons and called for reform
• His influence encouraged reform but didn’t
really take place until sometime after his
death
Homework
• Complete essay task for last week if you
haven’t already
• Complete the other two questions on
transportation on the sheet
• Using coloured a4 sheet makes notes in detail
about terrorism
• Revise everything we have done so far on
crime and punishment