Objectives 1. To learn the major categories of canine diseases. 2. To learn the symptoms and causes of canine diseases. 3. To learn the proper prevention and treatment for canine diseases. 2 Disease Categories 3 Viral Diseases • Viruses are microscopic disease agents, meaning they only exist to multiply in their host • The majority of infectious dog diseases are caused by viruses 4 Viral Diseases: Canine Distemper • Considered the most serious viral disease of dogs • About 50 percent of non-vaccinated, non-immunized dogs with the disease will develop the symptoms of the disease – of those, about 90 percent will die • More common in pups younger than three months old 5 Viral Diseases: Canine Distemper • Causes – is caused by a virus closely related to the human measles virus – is a highly contagious disease contracted through the air and contact 6 Viral Diseases: Canine Distemper • Symptoms – fever and depression – vomiting and bloody diarrhea – coughing and labored breathing – fits and nervous twitching – paralysis – inflammation of tissues around the eyes and nose – can also cause a hardening of the nose and pads 7 Viral Diseases: Canine Distemper • Prevention and treatment – vaccine for the disease should be administered every three to four weeks from six to 16 weeks of age with annual boosters 8 Viral Diseases: Canine Parainfluenza • Is a highly contagious disease causing upper respiratory disease and infectious tracheobronchitis • Is considered to be one of the most predominant infectious respiratory diseases in canines 9 Viral Diseases: Canine Parainfluenza • Causes – disease can be contracted through direct contact or through the air – environmental influences (e.g., drafts, cold, etc.) may promote susceptibility to the disease 10 Viral Diseases: Canine Parainfluenza • Symptoms – coughing – fever – nasal secretion – conjunctivitis – tonsillitis – lethargy – anorexic behavior 11 Viral Diseases: Canine Parainfluenza • Treatment – vaccinations will curb the severity of the disease – vaccinations should be given at four week intervals from eight to 16 weeks of age – require annual revaccinations 12 Viral Diseases: Infectious Canine Hepatitis • Is an extremely contagious viral disease affecting the liver and other organs 13 Viral Diseases: Infectious Canine Hepatitis • Causes – is due to direct contact with an infected animal or contaminated objects – also can be transmitted by inhalation or from fleas, ticks or mosquitoes 14 Viral Diseases: Infectious Canine Hepatitis • Symptoms – can range from mild to severe – nausea, vomiting and loss of appetite – jaundice, bleeding from the nose and gums – bloody vomit and diarrhea – enlarged abdomen – disorientation, seizures and coma – death occurs within five days – one-quarter of infected dogs develop a temporary clouded cornea 15 Viral Diseases: Infectious Canine Hepatitis • Treatment – no known cure for the disease – use intravenous fluid replacement, fasting, blood transfusions, antibiotics and eye drops as supportive treatments – vaccinate • includes injections at ten weeks, 14 weeks and then yearly boosters • recommended by veterinarians 16 Viral Diseases: Canine Coronavirus • Young pups are highly susceptible to clinical infections • Detection methods include electron microscopy 17 Viral Diseases: Canine Coronavirus • Causes – virus in feces is the major source of infection – environmental stresses (e.g., crowding, unsanitary conditions, stress during training, etc.) favor the development of the diseases 18 Viral Diseases: Canine Coronavirus • Symptoms – vomiting and diarrhea – feces is watery and streaked with blood – dehydration – depression – anorexic behavior – mortality rate is low 19 Viral Diseases: Canine Coronavirus • Prevention and treatment – only method of prevention is to avoid contact with other dogs and their secretions – disinfection of shelter and equipment with a three percent hypochlorite solution is effective in killing the virus 20 Viral Diseases: Canine Parvovirus • Is an enteric disease usually attacking pups between weaning age and sixmonths of age – pups usually remain somewhat unhealthy and weak for life 21 Viral Diseases: Canine Parvovirus • Causes – transmission occurs when dogs come in contact with the bodily fluids of infected animals 22 Viral Diseases: Canine Parvovirus • Symptoms – bloody diarrhea – diarrhea is foul smelling and sometimes yellow in color – vomiting – high fever – lethargy 23 Viral Diseases: Canine Parvovirus • Prevention and treatment – no known cure for the disease – use supportive therapy involving giving fluids, regulating electrolyte levels, controlling the body temperature and giving blood transfusions – vaccinate starting when pups are six- to eight-weeks old 24 Viral Diseases: Rabies • Is the oldest and most well-known of canine diseases • Primarily attacks the nervous system and causes encephalitis • Is detected only by examining the brain after death for signs of infection 25 Viral Diseases: Rabies • Causes – disease is transmitted by urine, saliva and blood – primary source of rabies is a bite from a rabid animal 26 Viral Diseases: Rabies • Symptoms – death occurs three to seven days after signs begin to show – three phases of the disease exist: 1. prodromal stage 2. furious stage 3. paralytic stage 27 Viral Diseases: Rabies • Prodomal stage – lasts two to three days – symptoms include: • • • • behavioral changes fever slow eye reflexes chewing at the bite site 28 Viral Diseases: Rabies • Furious stage – lasts two to four days – signs include: • • • • • • irritability restlessness barking aggression vicious attacks on inanimate objects unexpected roaming 29 Viral Diseases: Rabies • Paralytic stage – lasts two to four days – paralysis develops – depression – coma – death from respiratory paralysis 30 Viral Diseases: Rabies • Prevention and treatment – dogs are easily vaccinated – most counties and cities require dogs to be vaccinated – one of the highest compliance rates of all routine dog vaccinations – all dogs should be vaccinated 31 Bacterial Diseases • Are caused by a bacteria • Bacteria is microscopic in size and rapidly multiplies in ideal environments • Produces a toxin which affects normal activity 32 Bacterial Diseases: Canine Leptospirosis • Is an acute infectious disease • Is diagnosed by lab testing blood and urine • Causes – contact with infected urine – ingestion of urine-contaminated water (most common) – contact with organisms during breeding or gestation – contact with eye membrane, bite wounds or abrasions – ingestion of the flesh from an infected animal 33 Bacterial Diseases: Canine Leptospirosis • Symptoms – depression and loss of appetite – fever, jaundice and uremia – vomiting – excessive urination, dehydration and excessive thirst – difficulty breathing – muscular tremors 34 Bacterial Diseases: Canine Leptospirosis • Treatment and prevention – vaccines are available – infected dogs should be quarantined and areas of contamination should be washed and disinfected 35 Bacterial Diseases: Lyme Disease • Causes – transmitted through a tick bite – tick must remain attached to the skin for at least one day before the bacteria can be transmitted 36 Bacterial Diseases: Lyme Disease • Symptoms – generalized pain and swollen joints – anorexic behavior – high fevers – lameness – can lead to neurological disorders – swollen lymph nodes 37 Bacterial Diseases: Lyme Disease • Treatment and prevention – can be controlled by antibiotics – treatment is long – prevention is possible by keeping ticks away from dogs – a vaccine is now available • given twice at a two-week interval and annual revaccination is necessary 38 Bacterial Diseases: Brucellosis • Symptoms – associated with the reproductive tract – for females is abortion after 45 to 55 days of gestation – for males is epididymus of one or both testes • semen from males contains larger numbers of abnormal sperm and inflammatory cells – can also include • • • • lethargy loss of libido premature aging lymph node enlargement 39 Bacterial Diseases: Brucellosis • Treatment and prevention – principle control strategy is elimination of infected dogs – yearly testing of all breeding stock is needed for prevention – treatment is expensive and difficult – males frequently remain sterile 40 Genetic Diseases • There are more than 300 dog diseases caused by the animal’s own genetic makeup • The impact of many genetic diseases can be alleviated through breeding practices 41 Genetic Diseases: Cataracts • Is a clouding of the normally clear lens of the eye • Causes – most are genetically transmitted – other reasons are: • • • • • age-related trauma dietary deficiency electric shock toxin 42 Genetic Diseases: Cataracts • Symptoms – bumping into objects – failing to retrieve favorite toys – fear of being left alone • Treatment and prevention – surgery is the only way to remove cataracts – an intraocular lens is implanted during surgery – 90 to 95 percent of patients have good to excellent vision after surgery 43 Genetic Diseases: Canine Hypothyroidism • Is the most commonly diagnosed endocrine disease of dogs • Is underproduction of the hormone thyroxin, which is produced by the thyroid gland – thyroxin controls growth and maintains normal protein, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism • Mostly occurs between two and six years old 44 Genetic Diseases: Canine Hypothyroidism • Causes – most cases are due to genetic makeup – other causes include: • surgical removal of the gland • cancer • low iodine in the diet 45 Genetic Diseases: Canine Hypothyroidism • Symptoms – – – – – increased body weight; most common develops a skin disease decreased exercise and becomes lethargic develops reproductive problems is often called the great imitator because it shows disease symptoms of other diseases • Treatment – a thyroid hormone supplementation is given orally once or twice daily 46 Genetic Diseases: Diabetes Mellitus • Is a metabolic disorder signaled by a congenital or acquired inability to transport sugar from the blood into cells • Is more commonly found in middle aged to older dogs • Symptoms – drinking excessively – urinating excessively – losing weight 47 Genetic Diseases: Bloat • Is a serious, life threatening condition • Can occur in any breed or age of dog • Enlarges stomach due to extreme gas, dilation or a twisting of the stomach • Clogs the esophagus preventing the stomach from relieving gas by belching • Blocks food from the intestines and prevents vomiting • Compresses one of the major veins carrying blood to the heart resulting in abnormal blood circulation, which leads to shock and death 48 Genetic Diseases: Bloat • Causes – usually affecting deep chested and large breed dogs – eating rapidly – being underweight – having a fearful or anxious temperament – males are more likely to bloat than females 49 Genetic Diseases: Bloat • Symptoms – anxiety and restlessness – whining, pacing and heavy panting – salivating, gagging and shallow breathing – dry vomiting – abdominal swelling after meals – excessive heartbeat, weak pulse and off colored gums 50 Genetic Diseases: Bloat • Treatment and prevention – expensive and complicated treatments through veterinarians; not always successful – treat shock with I.V. fluids and steroids – antibiotics and anti-arrythmics – stomach depression – surgery required in many cases – feed two to three meals a day – discourage rapid eating – prevent exercising until two hours after a meal 51 Parasitic Disease • Can live internally in the form of worms or protozoa • Can live externally in the form of fleas and ticks • If severe infections are left untreated, can be fatal 52 Parasitic Diseases: Coccidiosis • Is an infection from a one-celled organism • Is diagnosed by microscopic examination of a stool sample and blood test • Causes – dogs are contaminated through egg ingestion 53 Parasitic Diseases: Coccidiosis • Symptoms – most dogs infected do not have any clinical signs – pups and weak adult dogs affected may have diarrhea, dehydration, abdominal distress and vomiting – death may occur in severe cases 54 Parasitic Diseases: Coccidiosis • Treatment and prevention – antibiotics given for one to 14 days are used to eliminate the disease – re-infection is common, so the dog’s environment needs to be disinfected 55 Assessment 1. What are the four categories canine diseases can be classified as? 2. _______ are microscopic disease agents, meaning they only exist to multiply in their host. A. Viruses B. Bacterial C. Genetic D. Parasitic 56 Assessment 3. _______ is considered the most serious viral disease in dogs. A. Canine Parainfluenza B. Canine Distemper C. Rabies D. Canine Parvovirus 57 Assessment 4. _______ is the oldest and most well known of canine diseases. A. Diabetes Mellitus B. Brucellosis C. Canine Parvovirus D. Rabies 5. What are the three stages of rabies? 58 Assessment 6. _______ is caused by the bite of a tick. A. Canine Parainfluenza B. Canine Distemper C. Lyme Disease D. Canine Leptospirosis 59 Assessment 7. A _______ is a clouding of the normally clear lens of the eye. A. Cataracts B. Canine Leptospirosis C. Lyme Disease D. Diabetes Mellitus 60 Assessment 8. _______ is the most commonly diagnosed endocrine disease in dogs. A. Rabies B. Canine Hypothyroidism C. Coccidiosis D. Brucellosis 9. There are more than 300 diseases caused by an animal’s ______ ________. 61 Acknowledgements http://www.lbah.com/Canine/Canine_Diseases.html http://www.dresslersdog.com/diseases.html http://www.br.cc.va.us/vetech/candis.htm Dusty Moore – Production Coordinator Clayton Franklin – Graphics Designer Geoff Scott – Production Manager G.W. Davis – Executive Producer © MMIII, MMIV CEV Multimedia, Ltd. 62