Chapter 2
Nutrition Guidelines:
Applying the Science
of Nutrition
Which is NOT legally required on a
Nutrition Facts label?
a) Kcalories from fat
b) Grams of protein
c) Kcalories from fiber
d) Kcalories per serving
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Nutrition Recommendations for the
Modern Diet

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People need to eat to survive; healthconscious people want to do more than
survive!
In the 1860s, the Industrial Revolution
induced the British government to make the
first nutritional recommendations.
Today, the World Health Organization
makes international health
recommendations.
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Dietary Reference Intakes
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Nutrition recommendations need to satisfy a
variety of needs.
Different types of dietary guidelines target
different populations.
The original dietary standards were the
RDAs (Recommended Dietary
Allowances). The Recommended Dietary
Allowances (RDAs) are estimated to meet
the nutrient needs of 97% healthy population
group?
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Recommended Dietary
Allowances were first published
in
1920
1943
1965
1982
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Which is the FALSE statement regarding
RDAs?
a)
RDAs recommend amounts of
nutrients that can serve as a goal
for individual intake.
b)
The RDAs are one component of
the DRIs.
c)
The EARs are derived from the
RDAs.
d)
RDAs are often used in menu
planning.
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The DRIs (Dietary Reference Intakes) are
energy and nutrient recommendations that
have replaced the RDAs .
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Dietary Reference Intakes

DRIs have been developed for six nutrient
groups:
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Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin D and
fluoride
B vitamins and choline
Vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium and betacarotene
Energy and macronutrients
Electrolytes and water
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Dietary Reference Intakes

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DRIs are designed for planning and
assessing diets of healthy people.
Amounts recommended by DRIs are meant
to promote good health and reduce
incidence of chronic disease.
The DRIs are not necessarily to be
consumed every day but should be
consumed on most days, as an average
intake.
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Dietary Reference Intakes: 4 Sets

The DRIs for macro- and micronutrients are
listed in four different sets of values:


Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) is used
to evaluate nutrient intakes of populations.
Adequate Intakes (AI) recommend specific
amounts of nutrients for individuals.
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Dietary Reference Intakes: 4 Sets
(cont’d)

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Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) also
recommend specific amounts of nutrients for
individuals.
Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULs) help with the
prevention of nutrient toxicities.
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Dietary Reference Intakes: Energy
Recommendations

The DRIs make two types of energy intake
recommendations:
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Estimated Energy Requirements (EERs) can be
used to calculate kcalories needed to ensure a
stable weight in a healthy individual.
Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges
(AMDRs) are expressed as ranges, or
proportions, of nutrients for healthy intake.
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Which is not a goal of the Dietary
Reference Intakes (DRIs)?
Prescribing what a person should eat each
day
Prevention of nutrient deficiencies
Promotion of healthful eating
Reduction of chronic diseases
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Dietary Guidelines for Americans

The Dietary Guidelines for Americans is a
set of diet and lifestyle recommendations
designed to promote health and reduce
chronic disease risks.
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Dietary Guidelines for Americans
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Dietary Guidelines for Americans
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
MyPyramid: Applying the Dietary
Guidelines
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
An impetus for the development of the
Dietary Guidelines for Americans was
the increased incidence of infectious
diseases
the prevalence of nutrient deficiencies
chronic diseases, such as heart disease and
diabetes, affecting a large segment of the
population
the discovery of more essential nutrients
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
MyPyramid: Applying the Dietary
Guidelines
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The nutritional analysis of a diet that follows
The MyPyramid recommendations would most
closely resemble which DRI group?
a)
EARs
b)
RDAs
c)
Ais
d)
ULs
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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MyPyramid
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MyPyramid
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Estimated Energy Needs
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MyPyramid
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MyPyramid
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
To manage weight and prevent
unhealthy weight gain, the
MyPyramid guide recommends
30 minutes three days of
the week
30 minutes most days of
the week
60 minutes 3 days of the
week
60 minutes most days of
the week
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
MyPyramid: Applying the Dietary
Guidelines
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Food
Labels
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Daily Values are based
on a ___________
kcalorie diet.
a)
b)
c)
d)
1000
1500
2000
2500
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Food
Labels
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Food Values

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Food labels list amounts of certain macroand micronutrients.
These nutrients are expressed as Daily
Value.
Daily Value is the amount of a nutrient in a
food shown as a percentage of the
recommendation for a person consuming a
2000 kcalorie diet.
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
How is the order in which ingredients
are listed on a food label determined?
a)
By contribution to total
weight
b)
By contribution to total
volume
c)
By nutrient density
d)
In alphabetical order
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Food Labels
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Food Labels
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Descriptive terms such as low-fat or heart
healthy are:
regulated by the Center for Disease Control
permitted on a deli menu as long as the
establishment provides documentation for
the claim
defined by each manufacturer or processor
required on all frozen foods
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The descriptor, Healthy, can legally be used on a
food product when the product contains adequate
levels of at least one selected nutrient and is low
in:
a)
fat, saturated fat, sodium, and cholesterol
b)
c)
fat, fiber and protein
fat, sugar and cholesterol
d)
fat, sodium and protein
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Dietary Supplement Labels
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Dietary Supplement Labels
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Dietary Supplement Labels
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Exchange Lists for Meal Planning
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The Exchange Lists for Meal Planning is a
food group system used to plan diets and
menus to meet specific energy and
macronutrient needs.
group foods according to macronutrient and
energy content
Developed by the American Dietetics
Association and the American Diabetes
Association
Can be used to plan weight-loss, weightgain and healthy diets
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Exchange Lists for Meal Planning
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Other Guidelines for Health Promotion
and Disease Prevention

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Healthy People Initiative: a health promotion
program under the auspices of the US
Public Health Service
Objective is to help to increase the quality of
life and healthy life span.
Other guidelines include recommendations
for people with specific needs, such as
diabetes, heart disease, cystic fibrosis or
cancer.
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Assessing Nutritional Health

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Nutritional assessments can help individuals
determine if their intake is healthy.
Dietary Intake can be assessed in several
ways:

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

24-hour recall
Food diary or food intake record
Food frequency questionnaire
Diet history
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Assessing Nutritional Health
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Analyzing Nutrient Intake
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To get a general nutritional “snapshot,”
individual nutrient intake can be compared to
recommended intakes.
Nutrient analysis tools can include:
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MyPyramid
Food labels
Nutrient content tables
Computer programs
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Additional Information Needed to
Assess Nutritional Health
■In addition to nutrient intake, information
about an individual’s physical health is
needed. This can include:



Anthropometric measurements, such as height
and weight
Medical history and physical exam
Laboratory measurements
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Stages of Nutrient Deficiency
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Chapter 2
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