1 1 Malabar Nut was first introduced to Europe in 1699. In Sanskrit botany this shrub is named Lion’s Muzzle and Stallion’s Tooth after the shape and colour of its flowers. It is used as an abortifacient in local Indian villages. Traditional healers in India ground the leaves with the flowers of Hibiscus and use them orally to treat asthma. 1 Anti-inflammatory Potent anti-inflammatory effects have been demonstrated for the alkaloid fraction and shown to be equivalent to that of hydrocortisone. Bronchodilator and anti-asthma activity Both vasicine and vasicinone possess in vitro and in vivo bronchodilatory activity and inhibit allergeninduced bronchial obstruction. After oral in vivo administration the antitussive activity of AV was similar to codeine against coughing induced by irritants. (Dhuley,JN. 1999, `Antitussive effect of Adhatoda 6asica extract on mechanical or chemical stimulation-induced coughing in animals’, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol.67, pp.361-354) 1 Adhatoda vasica is used in Ayurveda for coughs, asthma, and bronchitis. (Badmaev, Vladimir, and Muhammed Majeed. Care and Protection of the Respiratory Tract. Health Supplement Retailer, October 1996, pp. 34-38) The antitussive activity of an Adhatoda vasica extract was assessed in anaesthetized guinea pigs and rabbits and in unanaesthetized guinea pigs. The extract was shown to have an antitussive activity similar to codeine in cough induced by irritant aerosols . (http://www.toddcaldecott.com/index.php/herbs/learning-herbs/342-vasaka) 1 1 Traditionally, a juice made from the leaves has been used internally for night blindness. It is believed that Albizia received its name because Filipo del Albizi, an 18th Century Florentine nobleman, introduced its species into cultivation. It has been used in Ayurvedic medicine for many years and is still a popular treatment for asthma, allergy and eczema. Overall, little evidence is available and much information is speculative and based on in vitro and animal research. 1 1 1 Anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory: ◦ Inhibits the release of histamine by mast cells in vitro (Amella, M., Bronner, C., Briancon, F. 1985, ‘Inhibition of mast cell histamine release by flavonoids and bioflavonoids’, Planta Medica, vol. 51, pp. 16-20) Has been shown to increase appetite, relieves abdominal distension and improves liver function (Heinrich et al. 2004) Dried roots are effective against staphylococci, cholera, dysentery, pneumococci and influenza virus……. Baicalein is a potent free radical scavenger giving cardioprotective and hypotensive effects in vitro ….. with therapeutic effects on arteriosclerosis (Huang, Y., Tsang, SY., Yao, X., Chen, ZY. 2005, ‘Biological properties of baicalein in cardiovascular system’, Current drug targets. Cardiovascular & haematological disorders, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 177-184). 1 Has been shown to inhibit prostate cancer growth in both laboratory and clinical studies (Bonham, M., Posakony, J., Coleman, I., Montgomery, B., Simon, J., Nelson, PS. 2005, ‘Characterisation of chemical constituents in Scutellaria baicalensis with antiandrogenic and growth-inhibitory activities towards prostate carcinoma’, Clinical Cancer Research, vol. 11, no. 10, pp. 3905-14) . Scutellaria baicalensis selectively and effectively inhibits cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo and can be an effective chemotherapeutic agent for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (Zhang, DY., Wu, J., Ye, F., Xue, L., Jiang, S., Yi, J., Zhang, W., Wei, H., Sung, M., Wang, W., Li,X. 2003, ‘Inhibition of cancer cell proliferation and prostaglandin E2 synthesis by Scutellaria baicalensis’ Cancer Research, vol. 63, no.14, pp. 4037-43). Constituents have been shown to inhibit IgE antibody mediated allergic reactions in mice (Braun & Cohen, 2005, p.77) 1 1 Despite its fame, little scientific investigation has been conducted. However, Berger (2005) has reported that ◦ The traditional water extract used by the European colonists contains the polysaccharides of the plant, which may be important for the full effects of host resistance against viruses. ◦ Two trials have shown an increase in phagocytosis from various extracts of boneset, including the water-soluble polysaccharides. 1 Has been considered the primary treatment for acute influenza in the Eastern United States at least since the mid 1700’s and was the favourite of American physician-herbalists in the great influenza epidemic of 1916-1918. (Berger, P. 2005, ‘Antiviral Botanicals in Herbal Medicine’, Medical Herbalism, vol.14, iss.3, pp.1-12) Has been traditionally used as a topical treatment for herpes viral infection. In addition to acute influenza, boneset was also used for intermittent fever from the late 18th through to the early 20th centuries in North American medicine. Because such fevers can have many causes, or infectious agents, this suggests the effect could be to enhance host resistance. (Berger 2005) 1 Boneset (Eupatorium perfoliatum) was used in illnesses causing pain such that 'patients felt... their bones were breaking.' It was said to fit symptoms of more flu cases than any other single remedy, and one doctor reported that many cases were averted by early use. (Abascal K, Yarnell E. Herbal treatments for pandemic influenza Altern Complement Therapies. 2006:214-221). In mouse studies, it is an immunostimulant. It contains eupatorin, an antioxidant flavone that modulates inflammation. It belongs to a plant group which produces hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids, but is considered safe for short-term use. 1 Malaria is one of the most important parasitic diseases in the world and a major public health problem because of emerging drug-resistant strains of Plasmodium. We found significant inhibitory effect on parasite multiplication with Eupatorium perfoliatum. (Lira-Salazari,G., Marines-Montiel,E., TorresMonzo,J., Herbandez-Herna,F., Salas-Benito,JS. 2006, `Effects of homeopathic medications Eupatorium perfoliatum and Arsenicum album on parasitemia of Plasmodium berghei-infected mice’, Homoeopathy, vol.95, pp.223-228) The cytotoxic and antibacterial activity of an ethanol extract of leaves boneset (Eupatorium perfoliatum), was investigated. The extract showed potent cytotoxicity. The extract showed a weak antibacterial activity against gram-positive test organisms (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus megaterium). (HAbtemarium,S & Macpherson,AM. 2000, `Cytotoxicity and antibacterial activity of ethanol extract from leaves of a herbal drug, boneset (Eupatorium perfoliatum)’, Phytotherapy Research, vol. 14, issue.7, pp.575-7) 1 1 The word Elder comes from the Anglo-Saxon word aeld meaning 'fire'. The tree has been called 'the medicine chest of the common people' and has been used in traditional folk medicine for centuries. The generic name Sambucus occurs in the writings of Pliny, and is adapted from the Greek word Sambuca, 'an ancient musical instrument made from the wood of the tree'. Many cultures felt this tree was so special that they refused to burn the wood or use it to make furniture, lest it bring bad luck to the household. It was planted by homes to protect the house from lightning, bring prosperity, happy marriage and healthy children, and protect from evil. Egyptians discovered that improved the complexion applying its flowers 1 The Greeks used a tea from the root as a laxative In the 17th century the British often drank home made wine and cordials that were thought to prolong life and cure the common cold Many early Indian tribes used Elder berries in teas and other beverages and the flowers for medicinal purposes Gypsies used Elder flowers as an eyewash 1 Judas was thought to have hanged himself from an Elder Tree In the Middle Ages it was thought that the Elder tree was home to witches (in Denmark a 'dryad') and that cutting down the tree would bring on the wrath of those residing in the branches There is evidence in Switzerland and Italy that Elderberry was cultivated by prehistoric man and recipes for Elderberry-based medicines have been found in records dating back to Ancient Egypt. Shakespeare refers to it as a 'symbol of grief'. 1 The Russians and the English believe that Elder trees ward off evil spirits Sicilians think that sticks of Elder wood can kill serpents and drive away thieves It is used at weddings to bring good luck to the newlyweds 1 Berger (2005), states that ◦ Elderberry and elder flower have long traditional use in febrile illness, including influenza As an alterative in chronic conditions ◦ Recent research has shown it to be very effective clinically against influenza. It has been shown to inhibit at least 10 strains of influenza virus in vitro. ◦ Its mechanism remains unknown but enhancement of the host resistance is probably the most important function it has. 1 A multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled study of 60 Norwegian adults who had influenza A or B and had been suffering from symptoms for 48 hours or less, demonstrated that a standardised extract of Elderberry (Sambucol) administered as a syrup, shortened the severity and duration of the influenza. Treatment resulted in significant improvement in symptoms after 3 – 4 days, as opposed to 7 – 8 days in the placebo group. The symptoms addressed included aches and pains, frequency of coughing, quality of sleep, mucous discharge in the respiratory tract and nasal congestion. The use of medications such as paracetamol and nasal spray was significantly reduced in the treatment group compared to the placebo group. No adverse effects were reported. (Elerberry and nutrients for the treatment of colds and flus, Practitioner Technical Information, Nutrimedicine 2008) 1 In an earlier study carried out by the same researchers Sambucol brought about symptom improvement in a small group of patients with influenza B Panama infection. Symptoms included headaches, myalgia, fever, malaise, fatigue and rhinitis. Complete cure was achieved in 2 – 3 days in nearly 90% of the treated group compared to at least 6 days in the placebo group. (Elerberry and nutrients for the treatment of colds and flus, Practitioner Technical Information, Nutrimedicine 2008) 1 Traditional use of Elderberry and conclusions drawn by in vitro research are supported by clinical studies which demonstrated its effectiveness against influenza A and B. Research indicates that it has antiviral and possibly immune enhancing activities. The ability of Elderberry to inhibit a wide range of influenza viruses from both humans and animals suggests that it may be effective against mutated viruses making it an extremely valuable medicine in the event of another influenza or an influenza pandemic. (Elerberry and nutrients for the treatment of colds and flus, Practitioner Technical Information, Nutrimedicine 2008) 1 Used for generations as a medicinal tea, only recently has it been determined that elderberry contains viburnic acid which induces perspiration and aids in detoxifying the body tissues. As such, it can help reduce fever, purify the blood, and cleanse cells. (Herb Clip online 2009) As a blood and cell purifier, it can be used as a spring tonic. (Herb Clip online 2009) Historically, most parts of the elder flower have been used medicinally: stems, leaves, berries, and flowers. The bark can be used as a purgative. Elder leaves are made into ointments to ease bruising and heal wounds. (Herb Clip online 2009) 1 Elder flower water was used by women as a skin tonic and to keep the skin free of freckles, blemishes, and sunburn. A hot infusion of elder flowers and peppermint taken at night during the first sign of flu symptoms was used to produce sweating and a peaceful night's sleep. (Herb Clip online 2009) A lotion was also made from the flowers and was said to aid in healing boils and other skin afflictions, ease headaches when placed on the temples, and keep insects at bay. (Herb Clip online 2009) The berries can be made into wine, cordials, and jams. Cordials were used for colds and cough as well as bronchitis. The wine, used warm, eased chills and, used with cinnamon, helped with asthma. (Herb Clip online 2009) 1 Pregnancy category: B2 Lactation category: C Constituents include flavonoids, triterpenes and an essential oil. phenolic acids, Elderberry has almost 5 times as many anthocyanins as blueberries and twice the overall antioxidant capability of cranberries. (www.blackelderberry.info/id=415 ) Adulterations: Sambucus nigra flowers may occasionally be adulterated with Sambucus ebulus. The leaf, fruit and root of S.ebulus are used therapeutically, but are not medicinally interchangeable with Sambucus nigra. 1 1 1 The name Elecampane is a corruption of Enula campana as it grew wild in Campania. The Latin inula is thought to be from the Greek Helenion, Latin Helenium. Helena of Troy was supposed to have been holding the plant when Paris kidnapped her. The plant sprang from Helena's tears. The plant's name comes from the island of Helena where is grows abundantly. In ancient times, the root was used both as a medicine and as a condiment In England it was used as an aromatic tonic and stimulant of the secretory organs. 1 As a drug, the root is often used in veterinary practice. In France and Switzerland it is used in the manufacture of absinthe. In the 18th century Elecampane was used: ◦ 'to excite the urine' ◦ 'to loosen the belly' ◦ 'to resist the poison of venomous serpents and stay the spreading of poison 1 Pregnancy category: B2 the BHP (1992) lists it as contraindicated during pregnancy. However, it is indicated for threatened abortion in TCM (1997) Lactation category: SD it contains a sesquiterpene lactone alantolactone, which is a contact allergen Be wary in patients with known hypersensitivity to the Compositae family Large doses can cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, stomach cramps, rash and symptoms of paralysis. 1 1 The name "Euphorbia" comes from a Greek surgeon named Euphorbus, who supposedly used the milky latex of these plants in his potions. Euphorbia spp. produce a latex which has often been used in Africa in arrow poison. The constituents responsible for this irritant property are the diterpene esters. The latex of the fresh plant has caused contact dermatitis, and is particularly obvious in gardeners who pull the weed out of their lawns. 1 The ethanolic extracts of the aerial parts of Euphorbia hirta were tested for antimicrobial activity. They exhibited a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity, particularly against Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. (Sudhaker,M., Rao CV., Rao,PM., Raiu,DB., Venkateswarlu,Y. 2006, `Antimicrobial activity of Caesalpinia pulcherrima, Euphorbia hirta and Asystasia gangeticum’, Fitoterapia, vol.77, issue.5, pp.378-80) The aqueous leaf extract of Euphorbia hirta decreased the gastrointestinal motility in normal rats and decreased the effect of castor oil-induced diarrhoea in mice. (Hore,SK., Ahuia,V., Mehta,G., Kumar,P., Pandey,SK., Ahmad,AH. 2006, `Effect of aqueous Euphorbia hirta leaf extract on gastrointestinal motility’, Fitoterapia, vol.77, no.1, 99.35-8) 1 Adverse reactions, interactions and toxicology ((Mills, S & Bone, K. 2005, “The Essential Guide to Herbal Safety”, Churchill Livingstone, Missouri) ◦ Pregnancy category: B2 ◦ Lactation category: C in Ayurvedic medicine, it is administered to nursing mothers as a galactagogue ◦ Prepare as a decoction as it is irritant to the stomach if given without boiling ◦ May be confused with Euphorbia parviflora or Euphorbia indica 1 1 The flower of Eyebright, also known as Euphrasia and Ocularia, somewhat resembles a bloodshot eye, which may have been part of what led ancient peoples to value this plant for eye problems. An old French term for Eyebright was casselunettes, which means "break your glasses". The genus name, Euphrasia, is derived from the Greek Euphrosyne, who was one of the goddesses of the Three Fates, and whose name means "gladness". This refers to the gladness one felt when his/her vision was improved from using this herb. 1 Eyebright was used primarily in the Middle Ages as a tonic because of its astringent properties Eyebright no longer exists as a botanical entity as it is now a combination of a number of others. (Bone, K. 2004) Pregnancy category: B2 Lactation category: C 1 1 Goldenrod is also known by the names Blue Mountain Tea, Yellow Weed, Aaron's Rod, and Woundweed. The genus name, Solidago, comes from the Latin "solide", which means "to make whole". During the Boston Tea Party, when English tea was dumped into the Boston Harbour, Colonists drank Goldenrod tea instead, which gave it the nickname "Liberty Tea". 1 As a growing plant, Goldenrod is often falsely accused of being an intensely allergenic plant, because of its unfortunate tendency to bloom brightly at the same time as, and often in the same locations to, the truly allergenic Ragweed. However, its pollen is actually very heavy, and falls quickly to the ground rather than becoming airborne. Actual allergic reactions to this plant are unusual. Goldenrods are, in some places, held as a sign of good luck or good fortune; but they are considered weeds by some. 1 Inventor Thomas Edison experimented with goldenrod to produce rubber, which it contains naturally. Edison created a fertilization and cultivation process to maximize the rubber content in each plant. His experiments produced a 12 foot tall plant that yielded as much as 12 percent rubber. The rubber produced through Edison's process was resilient and long lasting. The tyres on the Model T, given to him by his friend Henry Ford, were made from goldenrod. Examples of the rubber can still be found in his laboratory, elastic and rot free after more than 50 years. However, even though Edison turned his research over to the U.S. government a year before his death, goldenrod rubber never went beyond the experimental stage. 1 Pregnancy category: B2 Lactation category: C As Solidago virgaurea is becoming more difficult to source, other species, such as Solidago giganteae and Solidago canadensis are being used commercially. However, the phenolic glycosides that are the medically active components of Solidago virgaurea have not been found to be in these other 2 species and therefore the are not regarded as being interchangeable. 1 1 1 Grindelia resin was traditionally used by Native Americans externally, in water extracts and poultices. Tea made with G. robusta flowering tops was used as a wash for poison ivy and poison oak. Leaf poultices were applied to running sores or on "swellings." The flower decoction was used for boils and wounds as well as poison ivy. The leaf and root or flower top tea as a wash for measles and a decocted antiseptic wash are also among the uses mentioned. Eclectic physicians also used grindelia infusions on old ulcers and for chronic eczema. (Brinker F. 2006, Topical uses for Grindelia species, Journal of American Herbalists Guild.;6(2):6- 11) 1 Alcohol extracts had very different uses from traditional external ones. Grindelia extract was "found especially useful" for asthma, colds, bronchitis with cough, and pertussis (whooping cough), if "full and frequent doses" were taken. (Brinker F. 2006, Topical uses for Grindelia species, Journal of American Herbalists Guild.;6(2):6-11) Eclectic practitioners used the extract for the treatment of itching of mosquito and flea bites and as an antidote to poisonous insect and reptile bites and stings. (Brinker F. 2006, Topical uses for Grindelia species, Journal of American Herbalists Guild.;6(2):6-11) 1 Pregnancy category: B2 Lactation category: C 1 1 Hyssop is also known by the name Issopo. This herb is native to Europe and temperate Asia. Hyssop grows wild in warm countries with dry soil, and is now cultivated in the warmer parts of the United States. The part of this plant used medicinally is the above ground portion. The name Hyssop is derived from the Greek "azob" and Hebrew "ezob", meaning "holy herb", as it was once used in purifying places of worship. Hyssop was well known in ancient Egypt, and is mentioned in the Book of Exodus (scholars believe the Hyssop of this reference was Origanum aegyptiacum, rather than Hyssopus officinalis). 1 Hyssop flowers are much relished by bees and butterflies, especially since the plant has such a long flowering season. Hyssop is the herb-like fragrance used Chartreuse, Benedictine, and other liqueurs. in Hyssop has been used since Biblical times ('Purge me with Hyssop, and I shall be clean'): in purification baths and rituals In 17th century Europe, it was used as a strewing herb to be walked upon, and to deter the spread of infection. 1 1 Licorice Root is also known by the names Liquorice, Yashtimadhu, The Great Harmonizer, Grandfather Herb, and Sweetwood. Licorice is a perennial herb native to southern Europe, Asia and the Mediterranean. It is extensively cultivated in Russia, Spain, Iran and India, and is one of the most popular & widely consumed herbs in the world. Ancient cultures on every continent have used Licorice Root, the first recorded use by the Egyptians in the 3rd century BC. 1 The Egyptians and the Greeks recognized the herb's benefits in treating coughs and lung disease. Licorice was so valued in ancient Egypt that even King Tutankhamen was buried with a supply. At one time in Germany, Licorice was a more popular gift to give than chocolate as it was reputed to sexually arouse women. Other uses of Licorice include cattle and horse feed. 1 The constituent glycyrrhizin is 50 times sweeter than sugar, making Licorice a widely used ingredient in the food industry. It constitutes 10 – 25% of licorice root extract. The distinctive flavour of Licorice Root makes it a popular additive to baked confections, liqueurs, ice cream and candies. It is also widely used in other medicines to mask bitter tastes and also to prevent pills from sticking together. 1 Licorice Root was added to love sachets, chewed on to make you passionate used as an ingredient in spells to ensure fidelity It is nearly always in Chinese herbal preparations as it contains saponins which help the water solubility of the other components. 1 Constituents: ◦ saponins, the most stiudied is glycyrrizin (also known as glycyrrhizic acid or glycyrrhizinic acid); flavonoids; sterols, polysaccharides, coumarins, glucose, sucrose, resin and volatile oil. ◦ As with most plant extracts, the concentration of constituents found between batches is variable. Products: liquid extract, tablets, capsules, tea, confectionary powdered tincture, root, gum, 1 Licorice root has demonstrated potent antiangiogenic and antitumour activity in animal studies and memory enhancing effects in mice. (Braun (2007) , Licorice, Journal of Complementary Medicine, pp.59-61) A 2007 study in the USA has investigated a novel way of using licorice with good results. The study involved 46 people with recurrent aphthous ulcers who used a dissolving oral patch containing licorice had significantly accelerated healing of the ulcers and significantly lowered pain in the treatment group compared to no-treatment controls. (Braun (2007) , Licorice, Journal of Complementary Medicine, pp.5961) 1 In summary, licorice has been used to (Braun (2007) , Licorice, Journal of Complementary Medicine, pp.59-61) : ◦ Relieve URT symptoms ◦ Treat infections such as bronchitis and influenza ◦ Treat gastric and duodenal ulcers ◦ Aid in the treatment of long term corticosteroid use ◦ Manage inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis ◦ As a gastroprotectant against drug induced ulceration ◦ Topically as an antiviral, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory agent 1 Pregnancy category: ◦ Even though some literature states that it is safe it is best to avoid licorice extract during pregnancy and lactation; ◦ excessive intake (as confectionary) should be avoided. A study in 2001 involving 1049 Finnish women and their babies found that heavy glycyrrhizin exposure (500mg/week or greater) was significantly associated with lower gestational age. A follow up study with 95 Finnish women was responsible for a more than 2 fold increase in the risk of preterm delivery (<37 weeks). ◦ Women who are hypertensive during pregnancy (preeclampsia) should avoid licorice 1 High doses should not be taken for prolonged periods of time as it contains high levels of saponins, especially glycyrrhizin. If using licorice for long times, or a heavy user of licorice confectionary, patients should be placed on a high potassium and low sodium diet and should be closely monitored for blood pressure increases and weight gain. This is because licorice causes sodium retention and potassium loss, that is, hypokalaemia. 1 Special precautions should be taken with the elderly, those with hypertension or cardiac, renal or hepatic disease. Do not prescribe at the same time as digoxin, diuretics, laxatives and other potassium depleting drugs. ◦ Diuretics and laxatives deplete the body fluids of potassium ◦ The toxicity of digoxin and other cardiac glycosides are enhanced by low serum potassium levels The intake of licorice may exaggerate the effects of a high salt diet Care should be taken not to expose children to too much licorice confectionary. 1 1 Mullein Leaf is also known by the names Velvet Dock, Witch's Candle, Aaron's Rod, Velvet Plant, Verbascum Flowers, Woolen Blanket Herb, Bullock's Lungwort, Flannel Flower, Shepherd's Club, Pig Taper, Cow's Lungwort, Hags Taper, Jupiter's Staff, Our Lady's Flannel, Beggar's Blanket, Candlewick, Girl Scouts Toilet Paper, and Lungwort. The word Mullein is derived from a Middle English word "moleyne", meaning "soft". The genus name Verbascum is a corruption of the Latin "barbascum", meaning "with beard". The species name thapsus was an ancient town in what is now Tunisia. 1 The leaves of Mullein were fed to animals that cough have been smoked to treat asthma and bronchitis. Also called "Grandmother's Flannel" for its thick, soft leaves, Mullein is a common wildflower native to much of Europe and Asia, and can grow almost anywhere. An old French expression "to plant mulleins" meant "to work for nothing". The plant has nonetheless been cultivated worldwide for its medicinal properties. 1 The tall stalks of this plant were once dipped in tallow and lit as torches The fuzz on the leaves was woven into candle wicks. However, the most widespread beliefs about common mullein is that burning it protected against evil spirits and demons. This belief was widespread across western Christianity and mullein was burnt during celebrations on the second Sunday of Lent in France ("Dimanche des brandons"). 1 The leaves, though somewhat irritating, were also worn in the shoes to improve circulation to the feet and to buffer thinning soles. The soft Mullein leaves have long been used by children as doll blankets. The seeds were once used by Native Americans to paralyze fish and make them easier to catch. Mullein flowers are also made into an oil for the treatment of frostbite, ringworm, haemorrhoids and bruises. 1 1 In 1897, an Englishman named Charles Stevens went to South Africa hoping to cure himself of tuberculosis. He consulted with a Basuto tribal healer who gave him a decoction of a local medicinal plant. Fully recovered, Charles Stevens returned to England with his mysterious remedy-which became popular throughout Europe as "Steven's Consumption Cure". In 1920, a former missionary doctor, Adrien Sechehaye, learned of Steven's cure. During the next nine years he treated over 800 patients in Switzerland with a homeopathic preparation of the medicine. In 1929 he published the medical case studies. 1 But with the introduction of synthetic tuberculosis drugs, Steven’s remedy became largely forgotten in Western medicine--until its recent "rediscovery" by European researchers. What the Basuto healer gave Charles Stevens was a traditional remedy made from the roots of Pelargonium sidoides - a species of geranium unique to South Africa. Among the Zulu, the medicine was described as "umKhulkane' (denoting respiratory infection) + 'uHlabo' (roughly meaning chest pain). 1 1 Pleurisy Root, also known as Butterfly Weed, Canada Root, Silkweed, Swallow Wort, Tuber Root, Wind Root, Colic Root, and Orange Milkweed, is native to North America. It is a member of the milkweed family, but does not produce the milky juice commonly seen in its kin. Pleurisy Root gets its name from its use as a treatment for pleurisy by the Native Americans. 1 Medicinally, only the root is used. The root is grey-brown and spindle-shaped with a knotty crown. The common name comes from the butterflies that are attracted to the plant by its colour and its copious production of nectar. Butterfly weed is also the larval food plant of the Queen butterfly. 1 Pleurisy root is "a wonderful remedy for respiratory infections," but is best suited for chronic infections with stagnant and dry phlegm, dry cough, and hot, dry skin. It provides relief for those suffering from pleurisy, as well as pneumonia, intercostal rheumatism, asthma, and dry irritated cough. Its benefit to serous membranes extends beyond just the pleura and can also be of benefit in pericarditis, peritonitis, and bursitis. (Charles D. 2007, Monograph: Asclepias tuberosa. Journal of the American Herbalists Guild, 7(2):13-20) The active constituents in Asclepias include cardenolide glycosides, a subgroup of cardiac glycosides . (Charles D. 2007, Monograph: Asclepias tuberosa. Journal of the American Herbalists Guild, 7(2):13- 20) 1 The plant also contains relatively high amounts of flavonoids. The antioxidant property of flavonoids, which has been shown to be important in the recovery from influenza and other respiratory viruses, may explain the use of pleurisy root for these conditions. Flavonoids may also be involved in the herb's anti-inflammatory action . (Charles D. 2007, Monograph: Asclepias tuberosa. Journal of the American Herbalists Guild, 7(2):13-20) However, little is known about the mechanisms by which pleurisy root acts within the body. (Charles D. 2007, Monograph: Asclepias tuberosa. Journal of the American Herbalists Guild, 7(2):13-20) 1 Pleurisy root is contraindicated in pregnancy because of its uterinestimulating effects and in patients taking drugs or herbs that contain cardiac glycosides. In addition, caution is advised in patients using diuretic drugs . (Charles D. 2007, Monograph: Asclepias tuberosa. Journal of the American Herbalists Guild, 7(2):13-20) Pleurisy root is widely used for respiratory problems. The Eclectics often used it in pneumonia. In the pandemics they saw, it was used for chest pain, lung inflammation, coughing, and to reduce bronchial symptoms. There is no clinical research on pleurisy root. (Abascal K, Yarnell E. Herbal treatments for pandemic influenza Altern Complement Ther. 2006:214-221.) 1 1 Plantain is also known by the names Greater Plantain, Ribwort, Common Plantain, White Man's Foot Steps, Englishman's Foot, Waybread, Ripple Grass, Broad Leaf Plantain, Snake Weed, and Soldier's Herb. The genus name Plantago is an old French adaptation of the Latin word meaning "plant" or "sole of the foot". The common broad-leaved Plantain is a very familiar perennial "weed", and may be found anywhere by roadsides and in meadowlands. 1 Some old books call the species Costa canina in allusion to the prominent veins in the leaves that earned it the name Ribwort and it is this feature that caused it to earn the mediaeval name of Quinquenervia. Another old popular name was ‘Kemps’. The stalks of the plant are particularly tough and wiry and it is an old game with country children to strike the heads one against the other until the stalks break. The Anglo-saxon word for a soldier was cempa, and we can thus see the allusion to kemps. 1 The plant was at one time considered a fodder plant, but cultivation was never seriously taken up Gelatinous substances extracted from the seeds has been used at one time in France for stiffening some kinds of muslin and other woven fabrics. Highly respected in folk medicine from Africa and Vietnam 1 The seeds of Plantain can also be used medicinally, having mild laxative effects similar to the seeds of Psyllium, a close relative of Plantain. Finally, for those who wish to quit smoking, folklore says that a gargle with Plantain infusion several times a day is an excellent aversion therapy. In Anglo-Saxon times country children played a game of banging the stalks of the plant together until they broke. 1 1 The plant feeds on insects, which are attracted to its bright red colour and flat leaves containing a sticky glue that is loaded with a sugary substance. It has evolved this carnivorous behaviour as the area in which it lives is usually poor in nutrients. The plant extracts nitrates and other nutrients from insect bodies, which become stuck to the leaves. The leaves of the common sundew are arranged in a rosette and a typical plant will have a diameter of around 3-4 centimetres. 1 It flowers over the summer months, with a number of small white flowers arranged around a single stem. In the UK, it is a protected wild flower and therefore it is a criminal offence to remove all or part of one of these plants from the wild. Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drosera_rotundifolia" 1 1 Thyme is also known by the names Garden Thyme and Wild Thyme. There are different versions of where the name Thyme comes from. Some say it is derived from a Greek word, meaning 'to fumigate‘ as it has been used for centuries as an popular incense. Others derive the name from the Greek word 'thumus' signifying 'courage which may be derived from the Greek word "thymon", meaning "courage", as it was once used as a bath herb by Roman soldiers to help them be more courageous. 1 The species name serpyllum for Wild Thyme may be due to the plant's creeping snakelike appearance, in reference to the ancient treatment of snakebites with Thyme. In ancient Greece the fine flavour of the honey at Mount Hymettus near Athens was said to be due to the Thyme that grew there. Pliny tells us that 'when burnt it puts to flight all venomous creatures'. Ancient Egyptians used this herb in embalming. It is still used for embalming. 1 During the Middle Ages, it was used as a stewing herb. It was thought that the spread of thyme throughout Europe was thanks to the Romans as they used it to purify their rooms. Oil of Thyme was used during World War I to treat infection and to help relieve pain. The ancient Romans used it to give an aromatic flavour to cheese and liqueurs. An old tradition says Thyme was one of the herbs that formed the fragrant bed of the Virgin Mary. 1 In some areas it was a custom for girls to wear a sprig of Thyme when looking for a sweetheart In the Middle Ages, ladies sewed sprigs of Thyme into Knight's uniforms when going to war to keep them brave and strong Thyme in a sleeping pillow was thought to repel nightmares Thyme is sometimes associated with death, especially in Wales, where it is planted on graves. It was also used as incense and placed on coffins during funerals as it was supposed to assure passage into the next life. On Midsummer Night's Eve, fairies are said to dance on beds of Thyme. Folklore states that it has always been a favourite of the fairies. 1 Red and white thyme essential oil are produced commercially from Thymus vulgaris for use in cough drops, mouthwashes, liniments, toothpaste, detergents and perfumes. Red thyme oil is preferred as white thyme oil is distilled from the red. The 2 main constituents of thyme are thymol and carvacrol, but thymol is believed to be responsible for most of the therapeutic aspects. (HerbalGram, 2008, no.80, pp.2 -3) In a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, treatment of acute bronchitis with a syrup composed of thyme fluid extract (1:2) and English Ivy leaf fluid extract (1:1) - [Bronchipret(R)] - was found to be safe, well tolerated and superior to placebo in efficacy. (HerbalGram, 2008, no.80, pp.2 -3) 1 Two recent in vitro studies and 1 human clinical trial show that thyme oil and extracts, as well as the constituent thymol, may be effective against a variety of bacteria. (HerbalGram, 2008, no.80, pp.2 -3) Thyme is one of the ingredients in the antimicrobial Listerine mouthwash. The use of the combination of thymol with eucalyptol, menthol and methyl salicylate in Listerine has been approved as an antigingivitis / antiplaque active ingredient for use in over-the-counter (OTC) products. (HerbalGram, 2008, no.80, pp.2 -3) Of interesting note, thyme oil has been studied in combination with oils of Rosmarinus officinalis, Lavandula officinalis and cedarwood, as rubbing oils for stimulating hair growth. (HerbalGram, 2008, no.80, pp.2 -3) 1 1 Horehound is also known by the names Hoarhound and Marrubium. Horehound is a perennial plant with small white flowers found growing in the wild throughout Europe and Asia. The genus name Marrubium is thought to be derived from "marrob", the Hebrew word for "bitter juice". It is believed that Horehound was one of the original bitter herbs of the Jewish Passover tradition. The common name, Horehound, is from the old English "har hune", meaning "downy plant". The part of this plant used medicinally is the above ground portion. 1 Horehound was reportedly first used by the physician Galen in ancient Rome, who recommended it as a therapy for coughs and other respiratory ailments. Like Galen, Nicholas Culpepper commented that it was helpful for a cough, and was also useful in helping remove stubborn phlegm from the lung. Similarly, American Eclectic physicians of the 19th century remarked on its value as a medicinal plant not only for coughs and asthma, but also in menstrual complaints. 1 Horehound was used by Navaho Indians to help a woman through childbirth. It was used by the Chinese in the Australian gold rush of 1890 at Kalgoorlie as a tonic tea. The Romans used Horehound for its medicinal properties, and its Latin name of Marrubium is said to be derived from Maria urbs, an ancient town of Italy. 1 The Egyptian Priests called this plant the 'Seed of Horus,' or the 'Bull's Blood,' and the 'Eye of the Star.' It was a principal ingredient in Caesar's antidote for vegetable poisons. Gerard recommends it, in addition to its uses in coughs and colds, to 'those that have drunk poyson or have been bitten of serpents,' and it was also administered for 'mad dogge's biting.' Horehound is said to be a remedy against Cankerworm in trees, and it is stated that if it be put into new milk and set in a place pestered with flies, it will kill them all quickly. 1 1 Wild Cherry, also known as Virginia Prune, Black Cherry, Choke Cherry, and Rum Cherry, is a large tree that grows mostly in the northern United States and Canada. The bark of older Wild Cherry trees is nearly black. The bark of young trees is reddishbrown and has an almond-like scent. It is this outer bark of the young Wild Cherry tree that is used medicinally. Some used Wild Cherry Bark in tea form to ease labour pains. 1 Later, European settlers used Wild Cherry Bark in cough syrups and as a poultice for abscesses and ulcers. This is perhaps the premier cabinetry timber of the US, traded as "cherry". 1