PHARMACOLOGY
TERMS
• SYSTEMIC—AFFECTS THE ENTIRE BODY
• LOCAL—AFFECTS A SMALL AREA
• PARENTERAL-MEDICATION GIVEN WITH A
NEEDLE
• SUBLINGUAL—UNDER THE TONGUE
• WHEAL—WHELP—RAISED RED AREA
• ANTIGONISTIC—ONE DRUG INTERFERS
WITH OR COUNTERACTS ANOTHER
TERMS CONTINUED
• POTENTIATE—SOMETHING THAT
INCREASES THE EFFECTS OF A DRUG
• PDR—PHYSICIAN’S DESK REFERENCE--LISTS MEDICATIONS, USES, SIDE EFFECTS
ETC
• USP-UNITED STATES PHARMACAPEA—
LIST ALL DRUGS APPROVED BY FDA
• TOPICAL—MEDICATIONS APPLIED TO
SKIN
TERMS CONTINUED
• LETHAL DOSE—DOSAGE WHICH WILL
CAUSE DEATH
• MINIMAL DOSAGE—SMALLEST DOSAGE
WHICH WILL GIVE DESIRED EFFECTS
• MIXIMAL DOSAGE—HIGHEST DOSAGE
WHICH CAN BE GIVEN SAFELY
FIVE RIGHTS OF DRUG
ADMINISTRATION
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RIGHT PATIENT
RIGHT TIME
RIGHT DOSAGE
RIGHT DRUG
RIGHT ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION
• A SIXTH HAS BEEN ADDED
• RIGHT DOCUMENTATION
GENERIC VS BRAND
• GENERIC IS USUALLY THE
CHEMICAL MAKE UP OF THE DRUG
• ASPIRIN—ACETAMETAPHENIBPROPHEN
• BRAND IS THE NAME GIVEN TO A
DRUG BY THE COMPANY—HAS AN R
WITH CIRCLE IN IT –BAYER,
TYLENOL, ADVIL
TYPES OF ORAL MEDS
• PILLS-COATED POWDERS
• TABLETS –COMPRESSED POWDERS
• CAPSULES—GELATIN FILLED WITH
MEDICATION
• SYRUPS—SUGAR BASED MEDS
• POWDERS—USUALLY DISOLVED IN
LIQUID
THINGS TO CONSIDER
WHEN ORDERING MEDS
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AGE
DIAGNOSIS
CONDITION
WEIGHT
POTENTIAL SIDE EFFECTS
THREE SYSTEMS OF MEDS
• APOTHOCARY—GRAIN, DRAM,
MINIUM
• HOUSEHOLD—OUNCE, TEASPOON,
TABLESPOON, PINT, QUART
• METRIC—METER , LITER, GRAM
LAWS
• HARRISON NARCOTIC ACT 1914—LIMITS
DISTRIBUTION OF ADDICTIVE DRUGS
• FEDERAL FOOD, DRUG AND COSMETIC
ACT—DETERMINES SAFETY OF DRUGS
BEFORE MARKETING, LABELING OF FOOD
AND DRUGS
• DURHAM-HUMPHREY AMENDMENT 1952—
LIMITS NUMBER OF REFILLS
DRUG APPROVAL
• DEVELOPMENT IN LABORATORY
• ANIMAL TESTING
• SUBMIT TO FDA FOR APPROVAL FOR HUMAN
TESTING
• HUMAN TESTING—5 OR MORE YEARS—DOUBLE
BLIND STUDIES
• APPROVAL FOR MARKETING
• FROM BEGINNING TO END 10-15 YEARS
DRUG INFORMATION
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PDR
USP
PACKAGE INSERTS
ADVERTISING
INTERNET
DRUG SOURCES
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PLANT
ANIMAL
CHEMICAL
MINERAL
ADMINISTRATION
ORAL
 POSTIVE—EASY TO TAKE , PAINLESS,
 NEGATIVE—SLOW TO ABSORB, SOME
HAVE TROUBLE SWALLOWING
SUBLINGUAL
EASY TO TAKE
NOT MANY MEDS CAN BE GIVEN THIS
WAY
ROUTES
SUBCUTANEOUS—UNDER SKIN
TAKES EFFECT QUICKLY
PAINFUL
INTRAMUSCULAR—IN MUSCLE
INTRAVENOUS—IN VEIN
TOPICAL –TO SKIN—PAINLESS—SLOW
ACTING
RECTAL—IN RECTUM—SLOW TO ABSORB
SIDE EFFECTS/ADVERSE
REACTIONS
• SIDE EFFECTS—USUALLY MILD BUT
ANNOYING RESPONSES TO DRUGS
• ADVERSE REACTIONS—MORE
SEVERE SYMPTOMS OR PROBLEMS
THAT CAN DEVELOP BECAUSE OF A
DRUG
ROLE OF NURSE
• ENSURE 5 RIGHTS
• KNOW ACTIONS, SIDE EFFECTS, AND
ADVERSE REACTIONS
• OBSERVE FOR COMPLICATIONS AND
ALLERGIES
• TEACH PATIENT ABOUT MEDS
DEFINE
• NPO-NOTHING BY MOUTH
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BID—2 TIMES A DAY
TID—3 TIMES A DAY
QID—4 TIMES A DAY
PC—AFTER MEALS
AD LIB—AS DESIRED
PRN –AS NEEDED
C—WITH
CC-CUBIC CENT.
DC—DISCONTINUE
GR-GRAIN
GTT—DROP
NOCT -AT NIGHT
IV -INTRAVENOUS
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ML-MILLILITER
OD –RIGHT EYE
OS-LEFT EYE
OU—RIGHT EYE
R—RECTAL
RX—PRESCRIPTION
S—WITHOUT
• SOS-ONE DOSE IF NEEDED
• FE—IRON
• KCL-POTASSIUM CLORIDE
• NA-SODIUM
• HS –HOUR OF SLEEP
• IM -INTRAMUSCULAR
MEDICATIONS
• ANTIBIOTIC—FIGHTS BACTERIAL
INFECTION—PENICILLIN
• ANTINEOPLASTIC—CANCER DRUGS—
TAXOL
• HORMONES—REPLACE DEFICIENCIES—
ESTROGEN—BIRTH CONTROL PILLS
• STIMULANTS—SPEED UP BODY
PROCESSES --CAFFIENE
MEDS
• DEPRESSANTS—SLOW BODY
PROCESSES—PHENOBARBITAL
• ANALGESICS—RELIVE PAIN—
NARCOTICS(MORPHINE, DEMEROL) , NON
NARCOTIC –ASPIRIN, MOTRIN
• ANESTHETIC—STOPS SENSITATION—
NOVICAINE
• ANTICONVULSANT—STOPS SEIZURES—
DILANTIN, TEGRETOL
MEDS
• TRANZUILIZERS—RELIEVE NERVOUS
TENSION—VALIUM
• ANTIDEPRESSANTS—RELIEVE
DEPRESSION—TAKE 2-3 WEEKS TO
WORK—ZOLOFT, PROZAC
• VASODILATORS—MAKE BLOOD VESSELS
LARGER—NITREGLYCERIN
• ANTIHYPERTENSIVE—LOWER BLOOD
PRESSURE—ALTACE, DIURIL, LOPRESSOR
MEDS
• COAGULANTS—CLOT BLOOD—VITAMIN K
• ANTICOAGULANTS—SLOW BLOOD
CLOTTING—COUMADIN
• ANTITUSSIVE—STOP COUGHING—
CODIENE—VICKS FORMULA 44
• EXPECTORANTS—LIQUIFY SECRETIONS
SO THEY CAN BE COUGHED UP -ROBITUSSIN
MEDS
• ANTACIDS—RELIEVE STOMACH ACID—
ROLAIDS, MAALOX
• ANTIEMETIC—PREVENTS VOMITINGPHENERGAN, VISTIRAL
• EMETICS—CAUSE VOMITING-IPECAC
• CARTHARTICS—CAUSE BOWEL
MOVEMENT—X-LAX, DUCOLAX
• DIURETIC—GET RID OF BODY FLUIDS-LASIX
DANGERS OF ANTIBIOTICS
• RESISTANCE OF ORGANISMS TO THE
ANTIBIOTICS
• ALLERGIC REACTIONS
DEPRESSANT DRUGS
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BED RAILS UP
BED IN LOW POSITION
CALL LIGHT IN PLACE
NO SMOKING
CHECK RESPIRATIONS
COUNTING NARCOTICS
• UNDER DOUBLE LOCK
• NURSE COMING ON DUTY AND NURSE
GOING OFF DUTY MUST COUNT AT END OF
EACH SHIFT
• WHEN REMOVED FROM DRAWER MUST
SIGN OUT –DATE, TIME , AMOUNT ,
PATIENT, DR. –IF ALL NOT USED MUST
DESTROY WITH TWO WITNESSES
SIDE EFFECTS OF IRON
• BLACK BOWEL MOVEMENTS
• IRRITATES STOMACH—TAKE WITH
FOOD
• LIQUID DISCOLORS TEETH
ANTICOAGULANTS
• OBSERVE FOR SIGNS OF BLEEDING
BRUISING
BLOOD IN URINE OR BM
BLOOD WHICH BRUSHING TEETH
USE ELECTRIC RAZOR FOR SHAVING
ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK
• SEVERE ALLERGIC REACTION
• THROAT SWELLS—INTERFERS WITH
BREATHING
• DEATH WILL OCCUR IF NOT TREATED
THE END