What is
Is a
A Vaccine?
Vaccine?
What
A vaccine is a substance
that teaches the body’s
immune system to
recognize and protect
against a disease caused
by an infectious agent
(e.g. virus or bacterium).
WHY
WEAn
NEED
Why Do
WeDO
Need
HIV AN
Vaccine?
HIV VACCINE?
• No major viral epidemic has been defeated without a
vaccine.
• Vaccines have significantly reduced the number of illnesses
and deaths from diseases such as polio, measles and
Hepatitis B.
• An HIV vaccine is essential in the fight against HIV/AIDS
along with other forms of prevention, treatment and care.
Why Do We Need a Preventive HIV Vaccine?
• HIV/AIDS continues to claim the lives of too many people - in the
last 30 years over 600,000 people with AIDS in the US have died1.
• Even a partially-effective AIDS vaccine could save millions of lives.
• Unlike preventive measures like condoms, an HIV vaccine would
not depend on the consent of both sexual partners.
• Vaccinating large numbers of people would require relatively little
equipment and expertise.
Source: CDC
Highly-Impacted Populations
Impact ofinHIV
and Latinos
theamong
United AA
States
• Gay and bisexual men of all races
remain the group most critically
affected by HIV.
• African Americans are most severely
burdened by HIV/AIDS.
• Hispanics/Latinos are also
disproportionately impacted by
HIV/AIDS.
Impact of HIV/AIDS:
IMPACT
AMONG
GayOF
andHIV
Bisexual
MenMSM
• In 2006, Gay/bisexual men (or men who have sex with men,
MSM) accounted for more than half (53%) of all new
infections in the United States as well as about half of
people living with HIV.
• New HIV infections among
gay/bisexual men have been
increasing since 1990.
• Since the beginning of the
epidemic, over 300,000 MSMs
with AIDS have died.
Impact of HIV/AIDS:
IMPACTAfrican
OF HIV
AMONG MSM
Americans
• At some point in their lifetime, one in 16
black men will be diagnosed with HIV,
as will one in 30 black women.
• In 2009, blacks accounted for more than
half (52%) of new HIV diagnoses.
• In 2006, the rate of HIV infection for black
men was 6 times as high as that of white men,
nearly three times that of Hispanic/Latino men and twice that of black women.
• In 2006, HIV was the ninth leading cause of death for all African Americans.
Impact of HIV/AIDS:
IMPACT
OF HIVand
AMONG
Hispanics
Latinos MSM
• While Hispanics/Latinos only represented
approximately 15% of the United States population in
2006, they accounted for 17% of new HIV infections in
the US that year.
• One in 36 Hispanic/Latino men will be diagnosed with
HIV at some point in their lifetime, as will 1 in 106
Hispanic/ Latina women.
• In 2008, an estimated 7,864 Hispanics/Latinos were
diagnosed with AIDS in the U.S.
Impact of HIV/AIDS
Impact
among
gay
men
Black Gay
and Black
Bisexual
Men
• Black gay and bisexual men are disproportionately impacted by
HIV/AIDS in the U.S.
• Most new infections among black
gay/bisexual men occur among
young black gay/bisexual men .
• There are more new HIV infections
among young, black gay/bisexual
men (aged 13–29) than among
any other age and racial group of
gay/bisexual men
Source: CDC, 2010
WhyAn
do we
think
an
HIV
vaccine
may
be
HIV Vaccine Is Possible
possible?
 Results from the AIDS vaccine trial RV144 in Thailand
were the first ever to show modest efficacy in
preventing transmission of HIV. There were about 31
percent fewer infections among participants who
received the vaccine compared with those who received
the placebo.
 Neutralizing antibodies can prevent infection by SIV, the
monkey version of HIV.
WhyAn
do we
think
an
HIV
vaccine
may
be
HIV Vaccine Is Possible
possible?
 Some people’s immune systems can naturally
control the virus for years, sometimes decades.
 Vaccines can protect monkeys from SIV infection
or significantly delay disease.
Why do
we
think
an
HIV
vaccine
may
be
Vaccine Success Stories
possible?
Viral Disease
Year of Peak US
Prevalence
Peak Number of Cases
per Year in US
Number of Annual US
Cases in Modern
Vaccine Era (2007)
Diphtheria
1921
200,000
0
Hepatitis A
1971
59,606
2,979
Hepatitis B
1985
26,654
4,519
Measles
1958 – 1962
503,282
43
Mumps
1967
185,691
800
Pertussis
1934
265,269
10,454
Polio
1951 – 1954
16,316
0
Rubella
1966 – 1968
47,745
12
Smallpox
1900 – 1904
48,164
0
Success Takes Time
Disease
Years to develop vaccine
Typhoid
105
Haemophilus influenzae
92
Pertussis
89
Polio
47
Measles
42
Rotavirus
33
Human Papillomavirus
23
Hepatitis B
15
Herpes
45 + ?
HIV
25 + ?
How Is A Vaccine Developed?
DISCOVERY
VACCINE
DESIGN
PRECLINICAL
RESEARCH
CLINICAL TRIALS
HVTN 505
For up-to-date
information on the
HVTN 505 study,
refer to the HIV
Vaccine Trials
Network site at
http://www.hvtn.org
Why Human Volunteers are Needed
• To gather the best data about vaccine safety and
effectiveness, preventive HIV vaccines are tested among
individuals from diverse backgrounds.
• Participants come from different:
– Sexes
– Races/Ethnicities
– Socioeconomic backgrounds
– Potential routes of transmission
– Environmental backgrounds
The Safety of the Volunteers is Important
•Today’s research studies have safeguards in place to protect
the safety and well-being of participants.
• In the U.S., several organizations are responsible for vaccine
research ethics:
o
o
o
Institutional Review Boards
Office of Human Research Protection
U.S. Food & Drug Administration (FDA)
•All participants in HVTN trials have a Bill of Rights and
Responsibilities
Myths about HIV and HIV Vaccine Research
I will get HIV from the vaccine being tested.
FALSE
The vaccines being tested do not contain live HIV,
killed HIV, weakened HIV, or HIV-infected cells.
Instead, scientists use individual HIV genes or
proteins that trick the body in order to stimulate an
immune response.
Myths about HIV and HIV Vaccine Research
There is already an HIV vaccine.
FALSE
No vaccine has yet been proven effective enough for
widespread use, but scientists are working on a
number of approaches.
Myths about HIV and HIV Vaccine Research
Magic Johnson is cured of AIDS, so I don’t
have to worry about getting infected.
FALSE
Magic Johnson is, to this day, still living with HIV. He
keeps his infection under control with the help of
his health care providers and his prescribed
medications, just like millions of people living with
HIV around the world.
Myths about HIV and HIV Vaccine Research
You have to have HIV to volunteer in a
preventive HIV vaccine trial.
FALSE
All volunteers in preventive HIV vaccine trials are
HIV-negative. In order to test whether an HIV
vaccine actually works, all participants must be HIVnegative when they initially enroll in the trial.
Depending on the trial, participants may need to be
at low- or high-risk of HIV based on their behavior
and demographics
YOU can help in the search for an HIV
vaccine!
• Educate yourself and others about HIV vaccine research – visit
http://www.bethegeneration.nih.gov.
• Talk to a friend or family member about HIV vaccine research.
• Talk about HIV prevention.
• Find out if you are a good candidate for an HIV/AIDS vaccine
trial.
• Support trial volunteers.
• Visit www.hvtn.org to locate your community vaccine trial
site and participate in a Community Advisory Board.
Contact Information
NAME
TITLE
ORGANIZATION
PHONE
EMAIL
WEBSITE
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