Railway Group
High-Speed Rail in Scandinavia
- What are the alternatives?
KTH Railway Group
Bo-Lennart Nelldal, Ph D
Professor
2013-04-10
KTH Railway Group • Center for research and education in Railway technology - Railway development in Sweden
KTH Railway Group
- System approach
Railway Group
Revenue
Security
Competition/
Cooperation
Profitability
Efficient train system
Capacity
Cost
KTH Railway Group • Center for research and education in Railway technology - Railway development in Sweden
2
Quality
crises
High Speed in Norway
Oslo-Trondheim
553 km travel time: 6:38
Average speed 80 km/h
Old line single track
Mixed operation
Järnvägsgruppen
High Speed in Sweden
Stockholm-Malmö
600 km travel time: 4:25
Average speed 135 km/h
Upgraded line double track
Mixed operation
Real High Speed in
France:
KTH Järnvägsgruppen • Centrum för forskning och utbildning i järnvägsteknik
Paris-Marseille
780 km travel time: 3:05
Average speed 250 km/h
Newbuilt line double track
Dedicated
2007-09-19
high speed
4 line
Railway Group
When is Real High-Speed Lines
possible in Scandinavia?
• There should be a major endpoint market
with long-distance travel
• There should be significant intermediate
markets along the route
• There should be a high demand for freight
transport for getting benefits of separating
freight and fast passenger trains
KTH Railway Group • Center for research and education in Railway technology - Railway development in Sweden
Freight transport
flows in Sweden
blue=truck
red=rail
lilac=shipping
Passenger transport
Long distance
travels
>100km
With all modes
assigned on the road
network
Ortsstorlek
Stockholm >1 miljinvånare
Railway Group
Göteborg
0,5-1,0 milj inv.
Malmö
250-500 tusen inv.
Uppsala
100-250 tusen inv.
Gävle
50-100 tusen inv.
Luleå
Uleåborg
Skellefteå
Umeå
Trondheim
Östersund
Örnsköldsvik
Sundsvall
Big freight flows
Tammerfors
Bergen
Falun
Borlänge
Oslo
Åbo
Gävle
Uppsala
Västerås
Örebro
Stavanger
Eskilstuna
Skövde
Ålborg
Tallinn
Norrköping
Linköping
Trollhättan
Göteborg
Stockholm
S:t Petersburg
Helsingfors
Jönköping
Varberg
Riga
Halmstad
Helsingborg
Köpenhamn
Odense
Lund
Malmö
Målstandard
Blandtrafik 250
km/h
Kiev
Blandtrafik 200 km/h
Bremen
Hamburg
Annan viktig linje
KTH Railway Group • Center for research and education in Railway technology - Railway development in Sweden
Ortsstorlek
Stockholm >1 miljinvånare
Railway Group
Göteborg
0,5-1,0 milj inv.
Malmö
250-500 tusen inv.
Uppsala
100-250 tusen inv.
Gävle
50-100 tusen inv.
Luleå
Uleåborg
Skellefteå
Umeå
Trondheim
Östersund
Örnsköldsvik
Sundsvall
Big passenger flows
Tammerfors
Bergen
Falun
Borlänge
Oslo
Åbo
Gävle
Uppsala
Skövde
Stavanger
Västerås
Örebro
Eskilstuna
Tallinn
Norrköping
Linköping
Trollhättan
Göteborg
Ålborg
Stockholm
S:t Petersburg
Helsingfors
Jönköping
Varberg
Riga
Halmstad
Helsingborg
Köpenhamn
Odense
Lund
Malmö/Copenhagen
Målstandard
Blandtrafik 250
km/h
Kiev
Blandtrafik 200 km/h
Bremen
Hamburg
Annan viktig linje
KTH Railway Group • Center for research and education in Railway technology - Railway development in Sweden
Ortsstorlek
Stockholm >1 miljinvånare
Railway Group
Göteborg
0,5-1,0 milj inv.
Malmö
250-500 tusen inv.
Uppsala
100-250 tusen inv.
Gävle
50-100 tusen inv.
Luleå
Uleåborg
Skellefteå
Umeå
Big freight flows
+
Big passenger flows
=
Traffic separation is
necessary
Trondheim
Östersund
Örnsköldsvik
Sundsvall
Tammerfors
Bergen
Falun
Borlänge
Oslo
Åbo
Gävle
Uppsala
Skövde
Stavanger
Västerås
Örebro
Eskilstuna
Tallinn
Norrköping
Linköping
Trollhättan
Göteborg
Ålborg
Stockholm
S:t Petersburg
Helsingfors
Jönköping
Varberg
Riga
Halmstad
Helsingborg
Köpenhamn
Odense
Lund
Malmö/Copenhagen
Målstandard
Blandtrafik 250
km/h
Kiev
Blandtrafik 200 km/h
Bremen
Hamburg
Annan viktig linje
KTH Railway Group • Center for research and education in Railway technology - Railway development in Sweden
Railway Group
Strategic
Corridors
Umeå
Trondheim
Sundsvall
Bergen
Oslo
Stockholm
Stavanger
Kristiansand
Gothenburg
Aarhus
Copenhagen/Malmö
Odense
Hamburg
KTH Railway Group • Center for research and education in Railway technology - Railway
development in Sweden
10 Berlin
Railway Group
Customer requirements for
passenger transport
• 3 hrs travel time: Daily business travel
possible and a good alternative to air from
city to city
• 2 hrs travel time: Train substitute air
transport and is also competetive for
transfer to airports
• 1 hr travel time: Daily commuting possible,
induces new travel and have impacts on
localisation
KTH Railway Group • Center for research and education in Railway technology - Railway development in Sweden
Railway Group
KTH Railway Group • Center for research and education in Railway technology - Railway development in Sweden
International transports 2011
– between Sweden and the continent of western
Europe
Railway Group
1 truck every 15 seconds
1 freight train every 40 minutes
Both directions incuded
1 EU-truck average load 15 tons
1 freight train avrege load 600 tons
1 freight train = 40 trucks
KTH Railway Group • Center for research and education in Railway technology - Railway development in Sweden
Railway Group
Customer requierments for freight
transport
• On time performance and on line information
• Appropriate transport time i.e. production on
daytime and transport overnight 18:00-6:00
• Low cost: Lower than truck
• High capacity: Loading gauge, axle load, train
length and train weight
KTH Railway Group • Center for research and education in Railway technology - Railway development in Sweden
Capacity with mixed and separated traffic
Capacity with only freight trains
Bara godståg
0
Railway Group
Avstånd [km]
Capacity with mixed traffic
Consumes capacity
Förbigångsstationen använd för att köra fler persontåg och godståg
Avs tånd [k m]
0
83.5
167
83.5
0
30
60
90
Tid [min]
120
150
180
Capacity with only high speed trains
Bara snabbtåg
167
0
30
60
90
Tid [min]
120
150
180
Avstånd [km]
0
83.5
167
0
30
60
90
Tid [min]
120
150
KTH Railway Group • Center for research and education in Railway technology - Railway development in Sweden
180
Capacity for freight trains with different investmentsstrategies
for Stockholm-Gothenburg and Stockholm-Malmö
Railway Group
Slots for freight trains per direction on day-time
Maximum 2008
With uppgraded main lines
With high speed lines
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Järna - Hallsberg
Hallsberg - Göteborg
Mjölby - Hässleholm
KTH Railway Group • Center for research and education in Railway technology - Railway development in Sweden
16
2010-05-18
High-Speed Trains have good punctuality
- because they have their own track
Railway Group
High Speed Train Shinkansen between Tokyo and Osaka
• 11 trains per hour and direction with regular overtakings
• Average delay was only 42 seconds at 2005
• Includes typhoons and blizzards!
KTH Railway Group • Center for research and education in Railway technology - Railway development in Sweden
17
2010-05-18
Operating speed today and
design speed for HSL
Railway Group
Speed in
km/h
Conventional lines
with mixed traffic
New high speed lines
Max speed
today
Planning
for max
Possible
speed
Operating
speed
Mixed
traffic
Norway
210
210
330
330
Possible
Sweden
200
250
320
320
No
Denmark
180
180
250
(300?)
200
Possible
Germany
230
230
330
300
Some lines
France
200
200
360
320
No
KTH Railway Group • Center for research and education in Railway technology - Railway development in Sweden
Norwegian state
High Speed Investigation
Only High Speed Trains
Freight trains on old lines
Trondheim
2:11
6:38
Bergen 2:06
Oslo
6:41
Stavanger
2:47
6:05
3:02
6:38
Stockholm
2:10
4:27
Kristiansand Gothenburg1:40
3:55
4:00
Copenhagen/Malmö 8:12
5:30
Hamburg 13:00
19
With High Speed Lines
Travel time h:min
with fastest train
to/from Oslo
Today (2011)
2:45
6:382:45
6:38
Berlin
Norwegian state
High Speed Investigation
Only High Speed Trains
Railway Group Freight trains on old lines
Trondheim
Bergen 2:06
Stavanger
Both High Speed Trains, InterCity and
Freight trains
Trondheim 2:30
2:11
6:38
Ålesund
6:38
Oslo
6:41
2:47
6:05
3:02
6:38
2:30
6:38
Bergen 2:25
Oslo
6:41
Norsk Bane AS
High Speed Investigation
Stockholm
2:10
4:27
2:47
6:05
2:25
Stavanger 6:38
1:55
4:27
Kristiansand Gothenburg1:40
3:55
Kristiansand Gothenburg1:45
3:55
4:00
Copenhagen/Malmö 8:12
Copenhagen/Malmö
4:05
8:12
With High Speed Lines
Travel time h:min
5:30
5:35
with fastest train
Hamburg 13:00
Hamburg 13:00
to/from Oslo
KTH Railway Group • Center
in Railway technology - Railway development
in Sweden
20 for research
20
Berlin and education
Today (2011)
Berlin
2:45
6:382:45
6:38
Stockholm
Railway Group
Swedish State
investigation and
Europe Corridor
Stockholm
Only High Speed Trains Freight trains on old lines
Gothenburg
Malmö
2:00
1:20
Jönköping
2:25
Copenhagen 2:55
4:40
Hamburg
5:30
Berlin
KTH Railway Group • Center for research and education in Railway technology - Railway development in Sweden
Railway Group
Swedish State
investigation and
Europe Corridor
Malmö
2:00
2:25
Copenhagen 2:55
4:40
Hamburg
5:30
Berlin
Only High Speed Trains Freight trains on old lines
Stockholm
Only High Speed Trains Freight trains on old lines
Gothenburg
COINCO
1:20
Jönköping
3:20
Gothenburg
Malmö
2:00
Stockholm
Oslo
1:20
3:20
Copenhagen 3:50
5:35
Hamburg
6:25
Berlin
KTH Railway Group • Center for research and education in Railway technology - Railway development in Sweden
Jönköping
The missing link in COINCO
Railway Group
3:20
Gothenburg
2:00
4:05
Copenhagen 4:35
Hamburg
1:20
Jönköping
3:20
Gothenburg
Stockholm
Oslo
2:00
1:20
New link for
approx
80? Mdr SEK
Double track for
200-250 km/h
ready 2021
Malmö
Stockholm
Oslo
Berlin
Malmö
3:20
2:25
Copenhagen 3:50
2:55
Hamburg
Berlin
KTH Railway Group • Center for research and education in Railway technology - Railway development in Sweden
Jönköping
New link for
Approx
40 Mdr SEK
Railway Group
KTH Railway Group • Center for research and education in Railway technology - Railway development in Sweden
24
2010-05-18
Planning in Denmark and Germany
Railway Group
KTH Railway Group • Center for research and education in Railway technology - Railway development in Sweden
25
2015-04-13
Denmark
Mixed operation - sometimes with alternative routes
Railway Group
Planed and decided completed 2021
• Köpenhamn-Köge-Ringsted new
double track 250 km/h with ETCS
• Ringsted-Rödby upgraded line 200
km/h
• Storströmsbron new double track
bridge 200 km/h
• Rödby-Puttgarden new double track
tunnel, 200 km/h
KTH Railway Group • Center for research and education in Railway technology - Railway development in Sweden
Germany
Railway Group
Mixed operation
Planed and decided completed to 2021
• Puttgarden-Lübeck partly single
track electrified, 160 km/h
• Fehmarnsund single track bridge
(regional project double track)
• Lübeck-Hamburg four track
Hamburg-Bargteheide 160 km/h
KTH Railway Group • Center for research and education in Railway technology - Railway development in Sweden
Denmark - Germany
Railway Group
Mostly mixed operation
Planed and decided completed 2021
• Double track
• 200-250 km/h
• Some alternative routes for freight
• Loading gauge G1 axle load 25 tons
Planed and decided completed 2021
•
•
•
•
•
Partly single, double, four track
160 km/h
Mixed operation
Regional plans for higher standard
No state plans for higher standard
KTH Railway Group • Center for research and education in Railway technology - Railway development in Sweden
Railway Group
Vision for future
High Speed Rail
in Scandinavia
New high speed
links double track
for 250-350 km/h
Conventional lines
with upgraded track
for 200-250 km/h
Trondheim
Bergen
Oslo
Stockholm
Stavanger
Kristiansand
Gothenburg
Copenhagen/Malmö
Hamburg
KTH Railway Group • Center for research and education in Railway technology - Railway
development in Sweden
29
Berlin
Railway Group
Vision for
Green Freight
Corridors in
Europe
Prioritized Railway network
• High Capacity
• Deregulated
• Non bueraucratic
• Competitive track fees
• Long trains
• High and wide loading
gauge
• Interoperability
• Intermodality
KTH Railway Group • Center for research and education in Railway technology - Railway30
development in Sweden
The Øresund and Fehmarnbelt Links
- Setting a new standard for freight
Railway Group
Øresund Link
Network statment 2014
Fehmarnbelt
planned
Speed
200 km/h (passenger)
√
Train Length
1000 m
√
Wagon mass
4000 tons
√
Loading gauge
SE-C (3,60x4,83)
√
Intermodal gauge
P/C 450 (2,60x4,83)
√
Meter load
8,3 tons/m
√
Axle load
25 tons
√
Distant signals
2500 m
1800 m
Gradient
WB <12,4‰ (bridge), <15,4‰ (tunnel)
EB <15,6‰ (bridge), <15,4‰ (tunnel)
<12,5‰
Source: Hans Boysen, KTH
KTH Railway Group • Center for research and education in Railway technology - Railway development in Sweden
Decision taken
Järnvägsgruppen
• To build Ostlänken Stockholm-Linköping and GothenburgLandvetter for 250-320 km/h dedicated lines as a first step
of a real high speed lines in Sweden
• To build double track from Öxnered-Gothenburg-MalmöCopenhagen for 200-250 km/h mixed traffic
• To build double track from Copenhagen-Puttgarden for 200250 km/h mostly mixed traffic
• To build double track for 200-250 km/h Oslo-Halden mixed
traffic t.b.d?
• To apply Öresund standard for freight on Rödby-Puttgarden
KTH Järnvägsgruppen • Centrum för forskning och utbildning i järnvägsteknik
32
What is missing?
Järnvägsgruppen
• A strategic plan for high speed passenger transport from
Scandinavia to northern Germany
• A strategic plan for high capacity freight transport from
Scandinavia to northern Germany
• A common standard for speed on upgraded and new built
lines in Scandinavia
• A best practice standard for loading gauge and axle load for
freight on upgraded and new built lines
• A plan for financing and build the missing links as fast as
possible
KTH Järnvägsgruppen • Centrum för forskning och utbildning i järnvägsteknik
33
What can we achieve?
Järnvägsgruppen
• Very short travelling times and increase the availiability for
people and business
• Better capacity for freight and regional trains on the
conventional tracks
• Better climate and enviroment because people go by train
instead of plane and car and more freight will go by rail
• Replace airplanes on distances up to 600 kilometres and
cooperate with planes for feeder transports
• A sustainable society
KTH Järnvägsgruppen • Centrum för forskning och utbildning i järnvägsteknik
34
Railway Group
Thank You!
Home page:
www.railwaygroup.kth.se
bo-lennart.nelldal@abe.kth.se
KTH Railway Group • Center for research and education in Railway technology - Railway development in Sweden