RIGGING
OVERVIEW
Updated Aug 7, 2013
Highline Overview
1. Highline Types
2. Components of the Kootenay
Highline System
3. Highline Setup
4. Operation
Highline Types
Horizontal Highline
Sloping Highline
Drooping Highline
Highline Setup
Messenger Line
Components of the Kootenay
Highline System
Anchors
Pre-tension Back-tie
Kootenay Pulley
Track-lines
Tag-lines
Reeving-line
Raising Systems
Lowering systems
Tag line Hangers
High Points
Tensioning System
Components of the Kootenay
Highline System
Anchors
Components of the Kootenay
Highline System
Anchors
Components of the Kootenay
Highline System
Pre-tensioned
Back-tie
Anchor Systems
Components of the Kootenay
Highline System
Kootenay Pulley
Components of the Kootenay
Highline System
Track-lines
Components of the Kootenay
Highline System
Tag-lines
Components of the Kootenay
Highline System
Reeving-line
English Reeve
Components of the Kootenay
Highline System
Norwegian Reeving-lines
Components of the Kootenay
Highline System
English Reeving-lines
Components of the Kootenay
Highline System
Raising and
Lowering
Systems
Components of the Kootenay
Highline System
Tag line Hangers
(Festoons)
Components of the Kootenay
Highline System
High Points
Components of the Kootenay
Highline System
Tensioning System
Components of the Kootenay
Highline System
Tensioning
System
Components of the Kootenay
Highline System
Tensioning System
Highline Setup
Safety Issues
Messenger Line
Pre-tensioning
Tensioning
Using Mechanical advantage systems
Highline Setup
Safety Issues
PPE
Edge safety
Pay attention
Listen
No horsing around
Highline Setup
Pre-tensioning
6:1
Places initial tension in the system
Highline Setup
Tensioning
18:1 Rule – 1/2” Rope
12:1 Rule – 7/16” Rope
Highline Setup
Using Mechanical
Advantage
Systems
Operation
Commands
Lowering
Raising
Reeving
HIGHLINE RESCUE
SYSTEMS
Highline Rescue System Overview
Components of a highline rescue team
• Lowering belay system
• Raising belay system
• Reversing the system
• Tensioning the system
HIGHLINE RESCUE
TEAM
HIGHLINE RESCUE TEAM
• Team Leader
• Safety Officer
• Edge Tender
• Control/Operations
• Static Anchor Team
• Tag Line Team
• Reeving Line Team
• Medical/Attendant
Team Leader
•
•
•
•
Identify highline location
Briefing and outlining objectives
Identify anchors with squad leaders
Give assignments
SAFETY OFFICER
SAFETY OFFICER
• Rescue situations rapidly
change. The effective Safety
Officer must be able to
forecast potential safety
issues.
SAFETY OFFICER
• The Safety Officer is responsible
for monitoring and assessing the
safety aspects of all team
operations, door-to-door.
SAFETY OFFICER
• A team Safety Officer should
be assigned to every rescue
mission and training event.
SAFETY OFFICER
• Any member of the team can
call a STOP to an operation if
a safety concern is detected
SAFETY OFFICER
1.
Scene Safety
–
Establishes, and marks
a minimum 6’ safety
zone at the edge
–
All personnel must be
on a tether beyond this
safety zone
SAFETY OFFICER
1.
Scene Safety
–
Determine if the rigging
location is safe
•
Loose rocks
•
Unstable overhang
•
Awareness
environmental safety
issues
– Poison Oak
– Hornet’s nest
– Requirements for
Personal
Floatation
Devices
SAFETY OFFICER
1.
Scene Safety
–
–
Checks each member’s
minimum PPE
•
Helmet
•
Gloves
•
Harness
Establishes a Safe Zone
6’ from edge
SAFETY OFFICER
1. Scene Safety
–
Responsible for selecting
safe helicopter landing
zone.
–
Assures an emergency
medical plan is in place
–
Assures Horseplay does
not occur
SAFETY OFFICER
2.
System Safety
–
Checks each Anchor
•
Proper anchor
materials
•
Proper anchor for
situation
•
Bomb-proof anchor
system
•
Angles
SAFETY OFFICER
2.
System Safety
–
Checks each system to
the component level
•
Knots
•
Proper carabiners in
use
•
Carabiners locked
•
Proper and adequate
edge protection in
place
SAFETY OFFICER
2.
System Safety
–
Checks each System
•
Adequate MA
•
Proper overall setup
•
Proper equipment
used
SAFETY OFFICER
3. Edge Tender Safety
–
Edge tender has
independent anchor
–
Edge tender is tethered
before approaching the
edge
SAFETY OFFICER
4. Operation Safety
–
Assures change-over
procedures are conducted
in a safe manner.
–
Assures adequate medical
resources are considered
when making search team
assignments.
SAFETY OFFICER
4. Operation Safety
–
Monitors the entire operation.
–
The Safety Officer can stop
the operation at any time.
–
Monitor vehicle safety:
sleepiness and adequate
breaks on convoys.
EDGE TENDER
EDGE TENDER
1. Edge Tender Safety
–
Edge tender has
independent anchor (may
share a bomber anchor
point, but may not attach
to system anchors)
–
Edge tender is tied into
an adjustable tether
before approaching the
edge
–
Clears loose rocks and
tripping hazards from the
edge
EDGE TENDER
2.
System Safety
–
Places ropes on
appropriate edge
protection
–
Assures ropes
remain on edge
protection.
EDGE TENDER
1. Attendant Safety
–
Assist attendant and
stokes over the edge
EDGE TENDER
1. Attendant Safety
–
Weighting the system
before going over the
edge removes slack and
stretch in the main line.
20’ of rope in operation,
with a 2% stretch, will
result in 3”-6” of sudden
movement if system is not
weighted.
•
•
•
Tightening of knots
Stretch of rope
Rigging extension
EDGE TENDER
–
As attendant goes over
the edge, the “Lower
slow” used in
approaching the edge
should be slowed even
more,
–
The attendant is rotating
on a fixed point, neither
moving back nor moving
down.
EDGE TENDER
–
Communicates with, and for, the attendant at the edge.
–
Halts system 1 meter from edge
Edge Tender
“STOP!”
Ops Leader
“Why Stop?”
“Attendant tension
the system”
<attendant weights system>
“Lower slow”
“Lowering slow”
“Attendant at the edge”
<attendant rotates
over edge>
“Lower slow”
EDGE TENDER
–
Provides voice
communication between
Ops Leader and
Attendant to relay
changes in speed control
–
Observes the path of the
rope to detect additional
rope hazards requiring
edge pro
Control/Operations Officer
• Once all systems are built and safety
checked. Team Leader gives control over
to Ops Officer
• Ops officer in charge of communication
and operations of all systems
Static Anchor Team
• Navigating to position can be challenging
• Determine static anchor/pre tensioned
back tie
• High directional
• Tag line system, raising and lowering
• Install tag line hangers
Reeving Line Team
•
•
•
•
Determine anchor
Determine high directional
Set up system
Operate system, raising and lower
Medical officer
• First contact with subject
• Independent rappel line to subject
• While highline is being built medical officer
will attend to subject, if access is available
ADJUSTABLE EDGE TENDER LEASH
•
8 mm Accessory cord
– Attached to independent
anchor
– Attached to harness with
Figure-8 on a bight and
locking carabiner
•
6 mm prusik cord
– Attached to 8mm cord
with prusik
– Attached to harness with
Figure-8 on a bight and
locking carabiner
HIGHLINE RESCUE
SYSTEMS
LOWERING/BELAY
SYSTEMS
SINGLE PRUSIK LOWERING BELAY
RAISING SYSTEMS
TANDEM PRUSIK RAISING BELAY
RAISING SYSTEMS
• Hauling without the aid of a
system is a Mechanical
Advantage of 1:1
• Also known as the
Armstrong Method
RAISING SYSTEMS
• Our simplest system is the Simple 2:1
Mechanical Advantage
• Components are:
– Rope
– One pulley
RAISING SYSTEMS
• Our basic haul system is the simple
3:1 Mechanical Advantage
• Components are:
– Rope
– Two (2) pulleys
– One (1) rope grab
RAISING SYSTEMS
• With the addition of a
single pulley, the 3:1 is
converted to a
5:1Mechanical
Advantage
• Components are:
– Rope
– Four (4) pulleys
RAISING SYSTEMS
• Piggybacking the simple 2:1 onto the
simple 3:1 provides a compound
6:1Mechanical Advantage
RAISING SYSTEMS
• Piggybacking the simple
2:1 onto the simple 5:1
provides a compound
10:1Mechanical
Advantage
REVERSING THE
SYSTEMS
REVERSING THE SYSTEMS
• Work on only one line at a time
• Change the Main Line first,
then the Belay Line
• Wait for direction from the Ops
Leader before you do anything.
• Don’t anticipate a change to the
system
REVERSING THE SYSTEMS
• Communicate
– Tell the Ops Leader what
you are doing,
before you do it
REVERSING LOWER TO RAISE
• Step 1
– Assure you have the
equipment you will
need
• One Pulley
• One Progress
Capture Device
(PCD)
REVERSING LOWER TO RAISE
• Step 2
– Lock off your lowering
device
REVERSING THE SYSTEMS
• Step 2
– Attach your Progress
Capture Device (PCD)
REVERSING LOWER TO RAISE
• Step 3
– Unlock the lowering
device and load the
PCD
• Step 4
– Attach the pulley to the
LRH and rig the pulley
REVERSING LOWER TO RAISE
•
Step 5
– Assemble your Haul pulley onto
the running end of the rope
•
Step6
– Assemble your Rope Grab
Device
REVERSING LOWER TO RAISE
•
Step 5
– Attach your Rope Grab Device
•
Advise Ops Leader,
“Main Line Ready to Haul!”
REVERSING RAISE TO LOWER
• Step 1
– Assure you have the
additional equipment
you will need
• One Brake Bar
Rack
REVERSING RAISE TO LOWER
• Step 2
– Remove the pulley
and Rope grab and
attach to the anchor
plate
-- Lower the Load onto
the Progress Capture
Device (PCD)
REVERSING RAISE TO LOWER
• Step 3
– Load the lowering
device and lock it off
• Step 4
– Use the Load Release
Hitch to transfer the
load to the lowering
device
REVERSING RAISE TO LOWER
• Step 5
– Remove the Progress
Capture Device
– Retie the LRH
• Step 6
– Prepare to Lower
• Advise Ops Leader,
“Main Line Ready to
Lower!”
TENSIONING
SYSTEMS
Forces on a Highline
• When tensioning the highline it is important not to over
tension the system
• Need to stay within 10:1 SSSF (Static System Safety
Factor)
• The larger the angle at the mid-point of the highline, the
more the load at the anchors is multiplied
Tensioning Highline
• Static System Safety Factor is a ratio between breaking
strength of equipment and applied force (load)
• Team standard is 10:1
• Using a rescue load (2kn), 10:1 sssf = 20kn
• All equipment in system must have at least a 20kn
rating
• Why use 10:1 SSF
• 10:1 sssf covers worst case scenario under a dynamic
situation
What is Worst Case Scenario ?
• In a rescue situation Worst Case Scenario
is when rescuer is transitioning over the
edge.
2kn load
Belay
1m
3m
1/3 Fall Factor
10kn to 15kn Peak Force
Fall
Amount of Rope
BELAY COMPETENCE DROP TEST CRITERIA
• British Columbia Council on Technical Rescue
de facto standard
Belay Competence Drop Test Criteria
– 200 kg (440 lb) mass
– 1 meter (3.28 feet) fall
– 3 meters (9.84 feet) rope
– < 1 meter (3.28 feet) arrest distance
– Maximum 15 kN (3,375 lb) peak impact force
This test also calls for the maximum force transmitted through
the system to the anchor point to be no greater than 15 kN (3,375 lbf.)
BELAY COMPETENCE DROP TEST CRITERIA
•
Edge Transition is the
Worst Case Scenario
–
–
–
–
–
Slippage through the
belay device
Tightening of knots
Stretch of rope
Prussic extension
Rigging extension
Dynamic System Safety Factor
• Peak force under WCS between 10 – 15 kn
• Using a rescue load (2kn), 10:1 SSSF = 20kn
• 10kn peak force/20kn breaking strength = 2:1 DSSF
• 15kn peak force/20kn breaking strength = 1.5:1 DSSF
• Both within 10:SSSF
• Using the Average Dynamic Force formula
 Peak force = 12kn
Dynamic System Safety Factor
20kn
15kn peak force 1.5:1 dssf
10kn peak force 2:1 dssf
10:1 sssf
2kn load
• When tensioning the highline it is important not
to over tension the system and stay within the
10:1 sssf
– Using ½ inch rope rated at 40kn
– 10:1 sssf = Max. 4kn load on anchor
– Using 7/16 inch rope rated at 30kn
– 10:1 sssf = Max. 3kn load on anchor
Tensioning Rules
•
•
•
•
One man rule
Ten % rule
Fifteen degree rule
Number of persons rule
Number of Persons Rule
• Pull testing using dynamometers
determined with ½” rope total mechanical
advantage needed to stay within 10:1 sssf
is 18:1
• 7/16” rope 12:1 mechanical advantage
needed
Standard Tensioning System
• Compound 6:1, 3:1 acting on a 2:1 in series.
• Need 18:1, total 3 people
Standard Tensioning System
• All anchor points can be on one anchor
• BFT
Pre Tension
• Pre tension before loading the system
• One person pulling hand over hand with
6:1
• No heave ho
Tensioning
• When highline is fully loaded 3 people
hand over hand
• No heave ho
• If rescue load, system not loaded until
subject and rescuer are on system
MECHANICAL
ADVANTAGE
MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE
• Forces we encounter in SAR
• Simple Machines
• Mechanical Advantage of Pulley Systems
• Training Objectives
– Participants will understand:
• The Forces we encounter in SAR
MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE
• FORCE
– What is Force
– What types of Force do we encounter
– What are the Units of Force
MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE
• What is Force?
– Force is an external influence that may cause
a body to accelerate. It may be experienced
as a lift, a push, or a pull.
– Force is a vector. All forces will have a
magnitude and direction.
• Forces we encounter in SAR
– Forces due to:
•
•
•
•
Gravity
Friction
Impulse
Applied Forces
• Gravity
• g = 32.2 ft/sec2 = 9.8 m/s2
• F = ma
• F ≈ 0.10197 kg x 9.8 m/s2 = 1Newton (N)
• A newton is the amount of force required to
accelerate a body with a mass of one kilogram at a
rate of one meter per second squared.
• 1 kN = 1,000 N ≈ 224.81 lbf
• Gravity = Weight
– 1 kN = 224.81 lbf
– 80kg (0.8 kN ≈ 1 kN) for a ‘single load’,
– 200kg (440 lbs = 1.95 kN ≈ 2 kN) for a ‘rescue load’
– 280kg (617 lbs = 2.7 kN ≈ 3 kN) for a ‘three-man load’.
• Gravity = Weight
– 1 kN = 224.81 lbf
– 1 Person ≈ 1 kN
– 2 Person ≈ 2 kN
– 3 Person ≈ 3 kN
• Gravity = Weight
– The average rescuer can hold or apply a .2 kN force
with one hand (≈ 45 lbs)
– The average rescuer can hold or apply a .4 kN force
with two hands (≈ 90 lbs)
– Hauling an rope ‘hand-over-hand’ is applying a force of
45-50 lbs
• Impulse
• Reaction time to a failure or rope movement is 1 sec
• In 1 sec a load will travel 16 feet
MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE
• Simple Machines
MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE
• Machines are affected by factors such as
friction and elasticity
• So the actual mechanical advantage of a
simple machine will usually differ from its
theoretical value.
MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE
Pulley:
• Pulleys change the direction of a tension force on a
flexible material, e.g. a rope or cable. In addition, pulleys
can be "added together" to create mechanical
advantage, by having the flexible material looped over
several pulleys in turn. More loops and pulleys increases
the mechanical advantage.
MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE
Pulley as a Lever:
• The pulley is a variation of the
wheel and axle.
• The size of a pulley does not
influence the MA.
• The size of a pulley does influence
the efficiency of the pulley.
• The larger the pulley, the more
efficient the pulley.
MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE
Pulley Types:
• Fixed pulley
– Provides change of direction
ONLY
MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE
Pulley Types:
• Movable pulley
– Adds Mechanical Advantage
MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE
Pulley:
• Pulleys change the direction of a tension force on a
flexible material, e.g. a rope or cable.
• Pulleys can be "added together" to create mechanical
advantage, by having the flexible material looped over
several pulleys in turn.
• More loops and pulleys can increase the mechanical
advantage.
MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE
Pulley Efficiency:
• Two factors determine a pulley's efficiency:
– Sheave size: the large the sheave diameter, the
higher the efficiency.
– Bushings and bearings: self-lubricating bushings are
efficient, but they must be regularly maintained.
Ball bearings are very efficient and since they are
sealed, they do not require any maintenance.
MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE
• Effective pulley systems must always have one side
anchored and the other side attached to the moving
load, known as the anchor side and the load side. There
must be something to pull against
MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE
• The longest distance a pulley system can be stretched,
the distance from the anchored pulley to the moving
pulley, is called the stroke.
• The longer the stroke, the more useful the MA system.
MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE
• Pulling the system down to its smallest stroke is called
compression.
• It is called de-set when the system is compressed so it
will expand again when using the MA system as the
Decent Control Device (DCD) to lower a load rather than
to raise it.
MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE
• Extension means to pull out a pulley system to its
longest stroke. Re-set in when the system is extended
again during raising operations and another haul
segment is made on the main line.
MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE
• All anchored pulleys are Change Of Direction (COD)
only.
MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE
• Pulleys that move with a load (unanchored pulleys) are
simple machines that gain advantage.
MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE
• Pulley systems are either simple, compound or complex.
• Compound pulley systems are made up of at least two
simple pulley systems.
• Complex pulley systems are made up of at least one
simple pulley system and at least one compound pulley
system.
MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE
• If the terminal end of a haul line is attached to the anchor, the simple
pulley system will be EVEN
• 2:1, 4:1, 6:1, 248:1
MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE
• If the terminal end of a haul line is attached to the anchor, the simple
pulley system will be EVEN
• 1:1, 3:1, 5:1, 115:1
MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE
• Simple pulley systems have a greater stroke than
compound pulley systems of the same MA.
MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE
• Mechanical Advantage
MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE
• The Mechanical Advantage of a pulley system can be
expressed as a ratio.
• It is the ratio of the amount of force that must be applied
to a haul line to move a load, divided by the weight of the
object that must be moved.
• It is the ratio of the weight of the object that must be
moved to the amount of force that must be applied to
move it.
• 2:1 = 2 Units of output force will result from 1 Unit of
input force
• Tomorrow 07:30
• 24 hour packs
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Helmet
Harness
Gloves
Orange Shirts / Green pants
Lunch
Water
Rain Gear
DEMO
&
HANDS ON
PRACTICE