Newcastle Yacht Club
Navigation Info Session
Saturday, January 29, 2011
Bart Bies
Brian Brennan
Harvey Ostrander
http://www.newcastleyachtclub.com
Introduction
 Welcome
 Introductions
 Washrooms
 Formal Presentation
 Break
 Real World Examples
 Informal Questions and Answers
 Hopefully go for 3 hours (to 4pm)
Navigation Info Session
2
Agenda
 Navigation Theory
 Navigation Tools
 Skills
– Reading Lat/Long from chart
– Plotting a course
– Ded Reckoning
– Fixing a position
– Calculating Distance, Speed, and Time
 Real Word Examples:
– Sail Boat leaving Newcastle for Cobourg
– Power Boat leaving Cobourg
•
Course to avoid Peter’s Rock
– Sail Boat leaving Cobourg
•
Determining when to tack
Navigation Info Session
3
Latitude
 Angular distance from the equator
 Place on earth North or South of the equator
 Equator is 0°, North Pole is 90°
 First part of a co-ordinate (LA before LO)
 Lines of latitude form a circle parallel to the equator
 May have heard of the 49th Parallel
Navigation Info Session
4
Longitude
 Angular distance from the prime meridian
 Place on earth East or West of the prime meridian
 0° to 180° eastward and 180° westward
 Second part of a co-ordinate (LO after LA)
 Lines of longitude are closer together near the poles
 May have heard of the100th meridian
“Where the great plains begin”
Navigation Info Session
5
Co-Ordinates
 Where you are anyplace on earth
– Expressed in latitude and longitude
– LA before LO (latitude before longitude)
 Degrees, minutes, seconds
– one degree can be divided into 60 minutes (')
– one minute can be divided into 60 seconds (“)
– Also 10ths of a second
 Newcastle Pier is at:
N 43° 53’ 66.0” W 78° 34’ 54.6”
N 43° 53.66’ W 78° 34.55’
N 43 5366 W 78 3455
N 43 53.660 W 78 34.546
Navigation Info Session
6
Nautical Mile
 One Nautical Mile = 1.15 statute miles = 1.85 km
 How did they arrive at this?
– The earth at the equator is approximately 25,000 statute miles round
– Earth is measured in 360 degrees
•
Or 360 x 60 = 21,600 minutes
– Divide circumference by number of minutes
•
25,000 / 21,600 = 1.15
 Distance equal to one minute of latitude
 If you have two positions on the same degree longitude and different latitudes
– Take the difference and convert to minutes
– You have the distance apart in nautical miles
– Q: What is the distance between two lines of latitude (one degree/60 minutes)?
– Q: How far south are we from the 49th parallel?
Navigation Info Session
7
KNOTS
 Speed through water
 Boat moving through the water at a speed on ONE NAUTICAL MILE PER HOUR
is said to be moving at a speed on ONE KNOT
 Boat moving at a speed of 10 NAUTICAL MILES PER HOUR
is said to move at a speed of 10 KNOTS
– Don’t say 10 KNOTS per hour
Navigation Info Session
8
Magnetic Compass
 Points to Magnetic North Pole
 Different than the geographic pole that the earth rotates on.
– All charts use the True North Pole
 Magnetic North Pole moves slightly with time
Navigation Info Session
9
Correcting Compass Errors
 Must convert Compass direction to True, as chart is done in True (and vice versa)
 Variation is the failure of the compass to point to true north
– is read from the compass rose on the chart
– is the same for all boats in the same area
– is the same for all directions in the same area
– For our exercises, use variation of 12° W
 Deviation is the failure of the compass to point to magnetic north
– is caused by local magnetic fields on the boat.
– is specific to an individual boat
– changes with the boats heading
– is read from the Deviation Table on the boat.
– is effectively ZERO if using a hand bearing compass away from magnetic interference
– For our exercises, use deviation of ZERO
 NOTE: You can also configure your instruments to display True bearings
Navigation Info Session
10
Compass Rose
 True bearing on chart
 Shows magnetic variation from True
 Magnetic variation from year to year
 Used to plot a course
 For our exercises,
use the compass rose
closest to Cobourg:
– 11°W in 1989
– Annual increase of 4’W
– 22 years x 4’ = 88 minutes
– Which gives us 12.28°W variation
 Therefore, use 12°W
for all compass variation calculations
Navigation Info Session
11
Converting Compass Readings
 T)ele V)ision M)akes D)ull C)hildren add W)onder
 T)rue V)irgins M)ake D)ull C)ompany
 Examples:
– 192C
– 000C
– 108T
True
(-) East
Variation
(+) East
Magnetic
(+) West
Deviation
(-) West
Compass
Navigation Info Session
12
TVMDC Execises
 See Information Sheet handouts
Navigation Info Session
13
Tools of Navigation
 What about marine electronics?
– GPS Chartplotter Loran Radar
– Need backup
– Hard to plan course with GPS
 Charting Tools
– Charts
– Pencils and Sharpener
– Erasers
– Rulers
– Dividers
– Magnifying glass
– Log Book or pad of paper
– A direction seeking device (compass)
– A means of sighting and measuring angles
– An accurate means of measuring speed
– An accurate timepiece
Navigation Info Session
14
Charts
 No vessel should be on the water without some form of charts on board
 Various commercial publications
– Strip charts/ Ports book/Richardsons
 Paper Charts
– Large stiff paper (rolled or folded)
– Chart Title Block
•
Shows region, scale, units of depth
•
Bottom left will have date of issue/update
– You are responsibility to update them from NOTICE TO MARINERS from Canadian Coast Guard
•
Changes and additions to the chart
– Changes to buoys
– New Obstructions
– Discontinuation of lights or fog signals
•
Done online with Canadian Coast Guard
 Provided practice charts are photocopies from Rickardsons
Navigation Info Session
15
Reading Co-ordinates
 From point use ruler to move to scales on edges of the chart
– left/right for latitude
– top/bottom for longitude
 From the provided chart, read the co-ordinates of the following:
– Port of Newcastle light house
– Westleyville stack
– Port Hope harbour entrance
– Cobourg harbour entrance
 On the chart provided, identify the following from co-ordinates:
– N43 51.032 W78 43.737
– N43 56.090 W78 13.813
Navigation Info Session
16
Reading Distances
 Use dividers
 Always read distances from the lattitude (side) of the chart.
 From the provided chart, calculate the distances from:
– Newcastle to Port Darlington
– Oshawa buoy to SW corner of Darlington exclusion zone
– Port Hope to Peter’s Rock buoy
– Peter’s Rock buoy to Cobourg harbour entrance
Navigation Info Session
17
Plotting a Course
 Boat leaves Newcastle heading south at 4 KNOTS at 10am
– Compass Bearing 192
– Must calculate compass variation and deviation for True bearing
 Draw a circle at your starting point
– Record time below circle
– This is called a FIX
 Draw course line
– Walk with Rulers from compass rose (or calculate angle with protractor)
 Put True bearing above line
 Put Speed in knots below line
Navigation Info Session
180
S 4.0
C180T
S 4.0
192M
S 4.0
18
Deduced Reckoning
 Ded Reckoning is an estimate of where you are based on
– Previously known position (FIX)
– Speed/Course/Time
 Indicated with a half circle on course line
 Put time (HHMM) below it
 From the previous example, how far out will you be in:
– One hour
– Two hours
Navigation Info Session
19
Fixing a Position
 Need two or more lines of position (LOP)
 Should be 120° apart.
 Done with handheld bearing device
 Must convert bearing to True
 Example:
You have sailed for several hours from Newcastle and you take the following bearings:
•
Newcastle light house
042C
•
Darlington light house
322C
•
St Mary’s Cement pier
302C
 Where are you?
– Latitude/Longitude?
– What depth of water should you be in
– How far from Newcastle are you?
Navigation Info Session
20
Calulating Distance and Time
 Simple algebra
 Use a calculator
S  60Tx D
 Speed in KNOTS
T  60Sx D
 There are some slide rule tools to calculate this
D  S 60xT
 Distance in Nautical Miles
 Time is in minutes
 Examples
– Distance 12 nm and taken 10 hours, what was your speed?
– Distance 50 nm average speed was 6 KNOTS, how long it take you?
– 4.5 KNOTS speed for 12 ½ hours, how far have you gone?
Navigation Info Session
21
LOG Sheet
 Sheet or pad of paper
 Jot down events as they happen or as situations/conditions change
 Can be transferred to a log book later
Time Lat
Long
Course Speed
Notes
1000 N43 5366
W78 3455
180C
4.0
Left Newcastle with #2
090C
5.0
Tacked
same
same
Assisted boater
same
6.0
Switched to #1
N/A
N/A
Arrive Cobourg
1200
1210 N43 5025
W78 2020
1400
1530 N43 5684
W78 1003
Navigation Info Session
22
Example: Newcastle to Cobourg (Bart)
 Sailing Vessel leaves Newcastle under sail at 1000 with wind from N (beam reach)
 Course 120 for 2 hours @ 3 knots
– What is your estimated position (latitude/longitude)?
– What depth of water should you be in (feet/fathoms)?
– How many nautical miles are you from Cobourg?
– What course should you take?
– What is your ETA?
 Change Course to this new bearing and you find your speed increased to 6 knots
– What is your new ETA?
 When Port Hope if off your beam, you take three bearings
•
Port Hope
320C
•
Westleyville stack
106C
•
Radio Tower 186 ft tall
057C
– Fix a position using these three bearings; are you close to your course?
– How far from the Port Hope harbour entrance are you?
– Are you going to clear Peter’s Rock?
Navigation Info Session
23
Example: Powerboat Cobourg to Newcastle (Harvey)
 Powerboat leaves Cobourg at 1000
 What compass course should you take to avoid Peter’s Rock?
– You want to avoid the buoy by 500M to the south
 After clearing Peter’s Rock, you change course to 243
– What is your ETA to Newcastle?
 You really need to get back, so you increase speed to 12 knots
 You hit something under the water, shearing your prop off
 You determine you aren’t sinking, so you take some bearings:
•
Westleyville stack
062C
•
Newcastle light house
284C
…before calling the coast guard for assistance
– What is your position (latitude/longitude)
– How far off shore are you?
– What depth of water should you be in?
Navigation Info Session
24
Example: Sailboat Cobourg to Newcastle (Brian)
 SV Moonlight Hismiztress
– Can point 45 degress to the wind
– Can tack through 90 degrees
 Leaves Cobourg at 1000 close hauled compass bearing 192 at 4 KNOTS
 If she tacks right away, will she clear Peter’s Rock?
 After 30/60/90 minutes, plot estimated positions, along bearing 192 at 4 KNOTS
– If she tacks, will she clear Peter’s Rock, or make it to Newcastle on one tack?
– What is the ETA to Newcastle for each case?
Navigation Info Session
25
Example: Real World GPS Track
 SV Still Time Leaves Cobourg on May 30, 2010
 Heads due south to try and make Newcastle in one tack
 What happened here?
Navigation Info Session
26
Discussion and Questions
Navigation Info Session
27
Bart Bies
bart@bies.net
(905)626-9447
http://www.newcastleyachtclub.com
www. capgemini.com