Ex. 22 – Forced Landing
Ex. 22 - Forced Landing
OBJECTIVE
What you will learn:

How to select a landing site and carry out
a safe forced approach and landing after
an in-flight engine failure.
Ex. 22 - Forced Landing
MOTIVATION
Why learn this:

Today’s planes are very reliable and engine
failures are very rare – but they do happen

The best way to deal with an engine failure is to
prevent it by:





thorough walk-arounds
ensuring that plane’s inspection and maintenance schedules
are followed
careful flight planning (do you have enough fuel?)
using proper in-flight procedures to avoid engine shockcooling, engine over-heating, carb ice formation etc.
However, it is important to be able to execute a
safe forced landing should you still end up in a
situation that requires one.
Ex. 22 - Forced Landing
LINKS
Links:


You have already practiced:

gliding for range and estimating your
touch-down point

selecting a good landing site

estimating wind speed and direction
All of these will help you in performing
forced approaches.
Ex. 22 - Forced Landing
BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE - TKT
Let’s see how much you already know:
Q
How can you estimate wind direction?
Q
What are some characteristics of a good landing site?
Q
What is the definition of best glide speed, and what is the
best glide speed for your aircraft, for no-wind conditions?
Q
How is best glide speed affected by wind?
Q
When gliding, how can you estimate your touchdown point?
Q
How can you correct the situation if it appears that you’re
going to touch down beyond the desired touch-down point
(i.e., you are too high)?
Q
How can you correct the situation if it appears that you are
going to touch down short of the desired touch-down point
(i.e., you are too low)?
Ex. 22 - Forced Landing
THEORIES & DEFINITIONS
Theories and Definitions:

Estimating Wind Speed and Direction

Selecting a Landing Site

Circuit Forced Landing Pattern

360o Forced Landing Pattern
Ex. 22 - Forced Landing
THEORIES & DEFINITIONS
Estimating Wind Speed and Direction


Visual indication of wind direction & speed

Smoke

Water, crops or tall grass ripples

Trees (some types of trees have light-coloured
underside exposed on upwind side)

Birds usually land into the wind
If no visual indication available, recall area
forecasts and observe ground speed and inflight drift.
Ex. 22 - Forced Landing
THEORIES & DEFINITIONS
Selecting a Landing Site: Roads
LAMP POSTS,
HYDRO POLES
SIGNS
Often a good
option, but
must consider
hard-to-see
obstructions
TRAFFIC
MEDIANS
Ex. 22 - Forced Landing
THEORIES & DEFINITIONS
Selecting a Landing Site: Fields
Your choices may be more limited than for a precautionary landing – need to pick
best available field. Try to avoid:
DARK BROWN
FIELDS (moisture)
DARK GREEN FIELDS
(tall vegetation)
CONTOUR
PLOUGHING
Ex. 22 - Forced Landing
THEORIES & DEFINITIONS
Circuit Forced Landing Pattern
• Carb heat hot
• Best glide speed
• Pick a field and key points
Why not aim for the
very beginning of the
field?
What can you do if
you are
high at
Tootoo
low?
the high key point?
HIGH KEY
~1000’ AGL
How do you know
what ASL figure
corresponds to 1000’
AGL?
LOW KEY
~500’ AGL
What can you do if
you are
high at
Tootoo
low?
the low key point?
Ex. 22 - Forced Landing
THEORIES & DEFINITIONS
360o Forced Landing Pattern
What can you do if
you are too high at
the high key point?
Too low?
Rate 1 Turn
How long does it take
to complete a 360o
turn at rate 1?
When descending at best
glide speed, how much will
you descend in that time?
LOW KEY
(fpm descent) + 200
HIGH KEY
2 x (fpm descent) + 200
FINAL KEY
(fpm descent)/2 + 200
What can you do if
you are too high at
the low key point?
Too low?
Ex. 22 - Forced Landing
THEORIES & DEFINITIONS
360o Forced Landing Pattern
Ex. 22 - Forced Landing
PROCEDURES
Procedures

Forced Landing
Ex. 22 - Forced Landing
PROCEDURES
Forced Landing

Carb heat, best glide speed

Pick a field and key points

Establish approach

When practicing: engine warm-ups every 500 feet!

Cause check, try engine restart (use emergency checklist if time permits)

Transponder 7700, MAYDAY call

Secure engine (leave master on)

power and mixture off

fuel off

mags off

Passenger briefing

Once field is made:

full flaps

master off

crack door open prior to touchdown.
Ex. 22 - Forced Landing
CONSIDERATIONS
Considerations

This procedure deals with engine failure with some
altitude available. Right after take-off or in traffic
pattern you may not have enough time for all checks
and calls. Concentrate on flying a good approach

In cruise, constantly be on look-out for good fields
within gliding distance. There are many small,
unmarked landing strips – see if you can notice those
(parked planes are a big give-away). Prior to take-off,
familiarize yourself with local terrain to know what the
options available to you are

Good news: most forced landings are survivable – if
you don’t stall the plane! Don’t try to “stretch a glide” by
raising the nose and losing airspeed.
Ex. 22 - Forced Landing
SAFETY
SAFETY
!
Keep an eye on your airspeed and angle of bank!
!
When practicing, conduct engine warm-ups every 500’ (to
avoid shock-cooling the engine)
!
When practicing solo, do not descend below 500’ AGL
!
Aim to be slightly high on final in case wind shear or
downdraft cause unanticipated altitude loss
!
Keep calm and offer reassurance to your passengers. And
you did remember to do a thorough pax briefing BEFORE
even getting into the plane, right?
Ex. 22 - Forced Landing
CONCLUSION
Conclusion

This exercise prepares you for dealing with one of the
most challenging in-flight emergencies

After mastering the forced landing, you will be ready to
venture beyond the practice area and actually go
places!

Read for next lesson: Ex. 23, Navigation.
QUESTIONS?
Ex. 22 - Forced Landing