Biobrenseltyper, kvalitetskrav,
bruksområder og gjeldende standarder,
med vekt på flis og pellets
Simen Gjølsjø
29. november, Bodø
Ulike bestanddeler
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Cellulose :
Lignin:
Harpiks:
Never1:
1Never
4,8 - 5,1 kWh/kg
7,1 kWh/kg
9,9 - 10,6 kWh/kg
8,5 - 9,7 kWh/kg
inneholder ca. 66 % C og 8,5 % H, det høye
innholdet skyldes stoffene betulin og suberin
Calorimeter, also used for ash determination
Treslag
Tredeler
Nedre brennverdi
qnet (tørr eller aske fri basis)
[ kWh / kg ]
Bartre
Lauvtre
Cellulose
Lignin
Harpiks,
ekstraktiver
4,8-5,1
7,1
9,9-10,6
Ved
Bark
Ved
Bark
5,33 ± 0,14 (daf )*
5,55 ± 0,28 (daf )*
5,27 ± 0,17 (daf )*
5,55 ± 0,28 (daf )*
FURU
Ved
Bark
Hele stammen
Greiner
Nåler
Hele treet
Stubbe
Ved
GRAN
Bark
Hele stammen
Greiner
Nåler
Hele treet
Stubbe
Ved
BJØRK
Bark
Hele stammen
Grener
Lauv
Hele treet
Stubbe
Foredlet brensel (beste
kvalitetsklasse)
Briketter
Trepellets
5.36 (d )****
5,42 (d )****
5,36 (d )****
5,66 (d )****
5,83 (d )****
5,42 (d )****
5,84 (d)****
5,28 (d )****
5,47 (d )****
5,28 (d )****
5,49 (d )****
5,33 (d )****
5,36 (d )****
5,36 (d)****
5,17 (d )****
6,31 (d )****
5,33 (d )****
5,69 (d )****
5,50 (d )****
5,36 (d )****
5,19 (d)****
Basisdensitet
ρd
[ kg / fm3 ]
Askeinnhold
A
[ vekt-% av tørrstoff ]
0,3 ± 0,1 *
4± 2*
0,3 ± 0,1 *
4± 2*
430 ± 50**
300***
0,3 ± 0,1 *
4± 2*
450***
385***
450***
390 ± 50 **
340***
0,3 ± 0,1 *
4± 2*
610***
400***
410***
505 ± 20 **
550***
0,3 ± 0,1 *
4± 2*
530***
475***
510***
>1000*
<0,7*
>1100***
<0,7*
* CEN/TC 335 2005a ** Sandland, Vadla et al. 2002 *** Alakangas 2005
**** Nurmi 1993
Brennverdi og vann
6
5
kWh/kg rått brensel
3
kWh/kg TS
2
1
Fuktighetsprosent
90
88
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
kWh/kg
4
Basisdensitet
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
514
500
B C
A
B
A
1.3.2 Kronelengde
Øverst
C
Levende greiner og toppen av treet
ble brukt som mål for kronelengde.
Midt
B
A
C
Nederst
Tabell 5. Seksjoner av kroner og greiner.
Levels of crown and branches.
Nivåkrone
Crown level
Greintype
Branch type
Nivågrein
Branch level
Nederst
A
Innerst; Midt; Ytterst; Små; Kvast
B
Innerst; Midt; Ytterst; Små; Kvast
C
Innerst; Midt; Ytterst; Små; Kvast
A
Innerst; Midt; Ytterst; Små; Kvast
B
Innerst; Midt; Ytterst; Små; Kvast
C
Innerst; Midt; Ytterst; Små; Kvast
A
Innerst; Midt; Ytterst; Små; Kvast
B
Innerst; Midt; Ytterst; Små; Kvast
C
Innerst; Midt; Ytterst; Små; Kvast
Midt
Øverst
MATERIAL
Steigen
Two locations along the north Norway coast.
Sømna
Site
Stand
Latitude
Longitude
Altitude
Northland
Northland
Steigen
Sømna
67°79'N
65°28'N
15°33'E
12°14'E
30 - 40 a.s.l.
05 - 10 a.s.l.
Sampled stands were based on the site index quality.
Tree species
Stand
Stand
Site index
H40 (m)
Number
of trees
Sitka spruce
Norway spruce
Sitka spruce
Lutz spruce
Steigen
Sømna
Sømna
Sømna
1
2
3
4
G-17
G-14
G-14
G-14
5
5
5
5
Figure 4: Stands in Steigen and Sømna. Each stand was laid out with a circular area of ca.
500 m2 (radius 12 m).
Basic density of branches
Table 4: Basic density of branches within crown levels (kg/m3).
Site
Tree species
Bottom
Middle
Top
Steigen
1-Sitka spruce
512.9 (70.6)
499.9 (39.7)
471.2 (38.3)
Sømna
2-Norway spruce
504.1 (20.4)
486.6 (20.5)
461.1 (29.5)
Sømna
3-Sitka spruce
539.4 (37.1)
503.7 (39.5)
492.3 (19.6)
Sømna
4-Lutz spruce
519.0 (33.3)
500.9 (31.7)
475.7 (33.5)
Branches in the lower crown level had 8-9% higher basic density than the upper one at
the significant level in all tree species.
Main items of interest for wood
chips
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Voksested
Handelsform
Dimensjon
Fuktighet
Askemengde
Nitrogen innhold
Klorine innhold
Brennverdi
Bulk densitet
Aske innhold og smeltepunkt
ok
t.0
7
no
v.
07
de
s.
07
ja
n.
08
fe
b.
08
m
ar
.0
8
ap
r.0
8
m
ai
.0
8
ju
n.
08
Fukt (%)
Effekt av tildekking
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
Dekket
Udekket
Dato
Bjørk Høst Udekket
50
Fukt (%)
45
Målselv
40
Møre
35
Brandbu
30
25
6.8.07
14.11.07
22.2.08
1.6.08
Dato
9.9.08
18.12.08
Steigen, heltrær, bjørk, ikke dekket
Kvalitetssikring av brenselet
Solid biofuels
European standardisation body Technical Committee 335
“Solid biofuels”
Working groups on:
> Nomenclature
> Requirements and classes
> Chemical analysis
> Physical analysis
CEN/TC 335 standards for solid
biofuels
Net calorific value
Bridging
prEN 14918
Properties
(under preparation)
Particle size
Distribution
prEN15149
Ash content
prEN 14775
Moisture content prEN 14774
Impurities
(postponed)
Bulk density
prEN 15130
Mechanical
durability
(pellets & briquettes)
prEN 15210
Particle density
prEN 15150
Ash melting
behaviour
prEN 15370
Fuel specification and classes prEN 14961 (multipart)
Fuel quality assurance prEN 15234
Terminology prEN 14588
Sampling and sample preparation prEN 14778, 14780
Norsk Standard
> En generell standard (NS-EN 14961-1:2010)
> En standard for mindre anlegg (NS-EN 14961-4:2011)
> Som ikke har avansert styring og rensing av røykgassene.
> Som ikke har heltids profesjonell drift.
> For anlegg hvor det lokalt kan det være skepsis til røyk,
«forurensing».
> For anlegg som krever homogen flis med lav fuktighet, lite
stikker og finstoff.
Fraksjoner i Standarden
Nordhagen, 2011
Size classifier
30
20
15
10
≤ 12 w-% for P45
5
≤ 8 w-% for P16
0
Fines fraction, weight-% (< 3.15 mm)
25
Maximum 25 w-% for
logging residue chips
Grot
Tredeler
Heltre
Basissortiment
Stammeved
Energi tetthet som mottatt kWh per lm3
1100
Energy density (kWh/lm3)
1000
900
800
700
600
500
Grot
Tredeler
Heltre Stammeved
Basissortiment
Stikker > 120 mm
Coarse fraction > 120 mm(weight-%)
4
3
2
1
0
Grot
Tredeler
Heltre
Basissortiment
Stammeved
Faktorer som påvirker fliskvaliteten
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Virkessortiment (rundvirke, heltre, GROT etc.)
Fuktighetsprosent
Temperatur
Flishoggerprinsipp
Sollstørrelse
Kniver og motstål
Matehastighet
Wood chips – informative (voluntary)prEN14961-1
> Bulk density, BD (kg/m3)
Classes BD150; BD200; BD250; BD300; BD350;
BD400 and BD450+ (maximum value to be stated)
> Recommended to be stated, if traded by volume basis.
25
Analysis of bulk density according to prEN 15103
200
180
Dry Bulk Density (kg/lm3)
160
140
Grot
Stubber
Tredeler
Basissortiment
Heltre
Stammeved
Typiske fastmasseprosenter (Alakangas 2005)
Furu heltreflis:
0,45 – 0,5
Furu stammeflis:
0,42-0,5
Gran heltreflis:
0,39-0,44
Bjørk heltreflis:
0,43-0,46
Hogstavfall fliset fersk;
0,36-0,38
Hogstavfall fliset tørr:
0,39-0,41
Sagflis:
0,28-0,32
Høvelspon:
0,18-0,27
Example of quality declaration of wood
pellets – package
EAA Biofuels
P.O. Box 1603, FI-40101 Jyväskylä
Tel. +358 20722 2550
Producer
Origin:
1.2.1.2 Coniferous wood without bark
Traded Form:
Pellets – Class AI
Country of origin
Jyväskylä, Finland
Normative (EN 14961- 2)
Dimensions
Diameter (D), lenght (L)
D08 (D= 8+1 mm, and 3,15 < L < 40
(95%)
Maximum 45 mm
M10 ( < 10 %)
Moisture
(w-% as received)
Ash
(w-% of dry basis)
A0.5, < 0,5%
Mechanical durability
(w-% of pellets after testing)
DU97.5, < 97,5%
Amount of fines
(w-%, < 3.15 mm)
F1.0, < 1%
Q > 4,7 kWh/kg
Net calorific value, Q
Additives
(w-% of pressing mass)
Starch < 1 w-%
3
Bulk density as received (kg/m3)
28
DB625 > 625 kg/m3
Chemical composition (w-% dry basis) N0,3, S0,05, Cl0,02
Ash melting behaviour, (DT oC)
> 1300
Minor elements (mg/kg dry basis)
As 1, Cd 0,5, Cr 10, Cu 10, Pb 10,
Hg 0.05, Ni 10, Zn 100
Wood pellets
(prEN 14961-1)
Amount of fines (< 3,15mm)
< 1 w-%
Pellet length, 3,15– 40 mm
> 95 w-%
Maximum length, 45 mm
< 5 w-%
Product standard - Non-industrial wood pellets (Part 2)
Properties agreed in March 2009
Property
A1
A2
B
Origin
1.1 and 1.2.1*
1.1 and 1.2.1*
1.1, 1.2, 1.3
Dimensions
D06, D08 (+ 1 mm)
3,15< L <40 mm
Max. 45 mm (5 w-%)
D06, D08 (+ 1 mm)
3,15< L <40 mm
Max. 45 mm (5 w-%)
D06, D08 (+ 1 mm)
3,15< L <40 mm
Max. 45 mm (5 w-%)
Moisture, M
< 10 w-%
< 10 w-%
< 10 w-%
Ash content, A dry basis
< 0.5 w-% or < 0.7 w-%
< 1.0 w-%
< 3.0 w-%
Bulk density, BD
> 600 kg/m3
> 600 kg/m3
> 600 kg/m3
Mechanical durability, DU
> 97.5 w-%
> 97.5 w-%
> 97.5 w-%
Net calorific value as
received, Q
> 16.5 MJ/kg
[4.6 kWh/kg]
> 16.5 MJ/kg
[4.6 kWh/kg]
> 16.0 MJ/kg
[4.4 kWh/kg]
Fines, F (< 3,15 mm)
The amount of fines shall be ≤ 1% leaving the final point of loading for delivery
to the end-user. i.e leaving the final storage point or the factory if delivering
directly to the end-user. The amount of fines leaving the factory gate shall also
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be ≤ 1% (unless there is a different agreement between the producer
and their
customer).
*May include 1 w-% of chemically treated wood in class A1 and 3 w-% in class A2.
Additives < 2w-% of pressing mass, type (e.g. starch, corn flour, vegetable oil) and amount
to be stated.