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Oracle10g Developer:
PL/SQL Programming
Chapter 3
Handling Data in
PL/SQL Blocks
Chapter Objectives
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• After completing this lesson, you should be
able to understand:
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SQL queries within PL/SQL
Host or bind variables
The %TYPE attribute
Expanding block processing to include queries
and control structures
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Chapter Objectives (continued)
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• After completing this lesson, you should be
able to understand (continued):
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Embedding DML statements within PL/SQL
Composite data types
Creating collections
Understanding the GOTO statement
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Brewbean’s Challenge
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• Consider actions needed upon check out
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Include SQL within a Block
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• Data query needs to identify if the
customer has a saved basket
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Include SQL within a Block
(continued)
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• SQL statements can be embedded into the
executable area of a PL/SQL block
• SELECT statements are embedded to query
needed data
• An INTO clause is added to a SELECT
statement to move data retrieved into
variables
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Include SQL within a Block
(continued)
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SQL
Query – add
INTO clause
Assignment Statement
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Executing a Block with Errors
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• Common Errors
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Use = rather than :=
Not declaring a variable
Misspelling a variable name
Not ending a statement with ;
No data returned from a SELECT statement
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Executing a Block with Errors
(continued)
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• Not closing a statement with ;
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Host or Bind Variables
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• Reference host variables with a preceding
colon in PL/SQL
BEGIN
:g_shopper := 25;
END;
/
WHERE idShopper = :g_shopper
AND orderplaced = 0;
Oracle10g Developer: PL/SQL Programming
Create host variable
Reference
host variable
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%TYPE Attribute
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• Use in variable declaration to provide data
type based on a table column
• Ideal for declaring variables that will hold data
from the database
• Minimizes maintenance by avoiding program
changes to reflect database column changes
• Called an anchored data type
lv_basket_num bb_basket.idBasket%TYPE;
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Data Retrieval with Decision
Structures
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IF Statement Example
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Including DML
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• DML statements can be embedded into
PL/SQL blocks to accomplish data changes
• DML includes INSERT, UPDATE, and
DELETE statements
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Including DML (continued)
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• Add a new shopper - INSERT
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Composite Data Types
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• Stores multiple values of different data types
as one unit
• Record – can hold one row of data
• Table of records – can hold multiple rows of
data
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Record Data Type
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DECLARE
TYPE type_basket IS RECORD (
basket bb_basket.idBasket%TYPE,
created bb_basket.dtcreated%TYPE,
qty bb_basket.quantity%TYPE,
sub bb_basket.subtotal%TYPE);
rec_basket type_basket;
lv_days_num NUMBER(3);
lv_shopper_num NUMBER(3) := 25;
BEGIN
SELECT idBasket, dtcreated, quantity, subtotal
INTO rec_basket
FROM bb_basket
WHERE idShopper = lv_shopper_num
AND orderplaced = 0;
lv_days_num := SYSDATE - rec_basket.created;
END;
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%ROWTYPE Attribute
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• Create record structure based on table
structure
DECLARE
rec_shopper bb_shopper%ROWTYPE;
BEGIN
SELECT *
INTO rec_shopper
FROM bb_shopper
WHERE idshopper = :g_shopper;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(rec_shopper.lastname);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(rec_shopper.address);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(rec_shopper.email);
END;
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Table of Records
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Collections
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• Store multiple values of the same data type
• Similar to arrays in other languages
• Index-by Tables – handle many rows of one
field
Onedimensional
Can only have one column
Unconstrained
Rows added dynamically as needed
Sparse
A row only exists when a value is assigned; rows do
not have to be assigned sequentially
Homogeneous
All elements have same data type
Indexed
Integer index serves as primary key of the table
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Index-by Table Attributes
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Attribute
Name
Value Data type
Description
COUNT
NUMBER
Number of rows in the table
DELETE
None
Removes a row from the table
EXISTS
BOOLEAN
TRUE if specified row does exist
FIRST
BINARY_INTEGER
Index for the first row in the table
LAST
BINARY_INTEGER
Index for the last row in the table
NEXT
BINARY_INTEGER
Index for the next row in the table after
the row specified
PRIOR
BINARY_INTEGER
Index for the row in the table before the
row specified
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Index-by Table Example
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Host variables declaration
and initialization
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Index-by Table Example
Index-by table data type
declaration
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Index-by table
variable declaration
Put host variable values
into the table variable
A FOR loop adds all the sample
measurements that have been entered
into the table variable
lv_avg_num calculates the
Average measurement
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GOTO Statement
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• Jumping control that instructs the
program to move to another area of code
to continue processing
• Most developers discourage the use of
GOTO as it complicates the flow of
execution
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Summary
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• SQL queries and DML statements can be
embedded into a block
• An INTO clause must be added to a SELECT
• The %TYPE attribute is used to use a column
data type
• Composite data types can hold multiple values
in a single variable
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Summary (continued)
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• A record can hold a row of data
• A table of records can hold multiple rows of
data
• The %ROWTYPE attribute can be used to
declare a data type based on a table’s
structure
• An index-by table is a collection similar to
arrays
• The GOTO statement enables execution to
jump to specific portions of code
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