AFCC Research Needs Analysis
for Generation 4 Vehicles
FRM5101460
Fuel Cell Roadmap - The Path to
Commercialization
Passenger Cars
Bus
Generation 1
Lead application
2004
Technology Demonstration
Generation 2
Customer Acceptance
Generation 1
Technology Demonstration
F-Cell
Generation 2
2010
2013
Future Generations
Customer Acceptance
B-Class F-Cell
Sprinter
Generation 1
Technology Demonstration
Generation 2
Customer Acceptance
Generation 3
Cost Reduction I
Future Generations
Generation 4
201x
202y
Market Introduction
Cost Reduction II
Generation 5
High Volume
Series Production
Fuel cell passenger cars will drive the volume
2
FRM5101460
Status of Fuel Cell Technology
Performance
Safety
Comfort
Freeze start
Range
Reliability
Longevity
Package/weight
Cost
Generation 3 Cars will demonstrate competitive capabilities.
Cost remains the challenge!
3
FRM5101460
5 Basic Strategies For Cost Reduction
Detailed examination of all 5 areas will indicate
the best paths for further improvement.
 Investment of development dollars
4
FRM5101460
Mining For Cost Reduction
Given multiple options a good miner:
•
Drills new test holes.
•
Explores a few high risk/high gain paths.
•
Exploits the known paths fully in order of their value.
•
Saves some lower value ore bodies for later exploration.
•
Knows when a ore body is exhausted.
5
FRM5101460
Distillation
Stack Cost
6
Technology
Area
Driver
Catalyst
Catalyst
Catalyst
Catalyst
Catalyst Coating Technology
Catalyst Primary Process
Catalyst Recycling Process
Freeze tolerant Catalyst Structure
Size
Dura
0.1
0.2
1
Catalyst
Catalyst
Catalyst
Catalyst
Catalyst
Cell Design
Cell Design
Cell Design
Cell Design
Cell Design
Cell Design
Cell Design
Cell Design
Cell Design
Cell Design
FCS
FCS
FCS
FCS
FCS
FCS
FCS ( vehicle)
Technology
Area
GDL
GDL
GDL
GDL
GDL
GDL
GDL
GDL
GDL
GDL
GDL
GDL
Membrane
Membrane
Membrane
Membrane
Membrane
Membrane
Membrane
Membrane
Membrane
Membrane
Technology
Area
Plate
Plate
Plate
Plate
Plate
Plate
Plate
Plate
Plate
Plate
Plate
Plate
Carbon supported Pt
9
9
9
9
9
High
Low
Technoloy at Limit
New High Activity Catalyst
Less Platinum
Non Carbon Catalyst Support Materials
Pt Dissolution Resistant Catalyst
Better Mechanical Integration
Higher Stack Peak T
Low Force Seals
Low Pressure Drop Anode FFs
Minimize Port Areas
Minimize transition areas
9
1
9
9
9
9
0
3
3
3
9
9
3
3
9
9
3
9
3
9
3
3
3
3
9
8.2
3.9
6.3
2.1
4.5
1.5
3
1.5
1.5
Low
High
Low
Med
Med
High
High
High
High
High
High
Med
High
Med
Med
Med
Low
Med
Low
Low
High Priority Research
High Priority Research
High Priority Research
High Priority Research
Engineering
Engineering
Technoloy at Limit
Engineering
Technoloy at Limit
Technoloy at Limit
Near Dead Ended Cells
Robustness of design to MFG tols
Self Hydrating Cell
Smaller Seal Foot Print
Ability to Boost Voltage from Stack
Efficient Air Compressor Technology
Higher Temperature Humidifiers
Less Expensive Humidifiers
Less Expensive H2 pump
Less Expensive Intercooler
Less Gross Power
Driver
3
1
3
1
3
3
3
3
9
3
3
3
3
9
3
9
3
Improved GDL Pore Structure
Freeze tolerant GDL Structure
GDL Additive Materials
GDL Additive Processes
GDL Degradation
GDL low Cost Substrate Materials
GDL Microporous Layer Process
GDL Substrate Mfg Process
Improved Water Mgmt in GDL
Maximize GDL Stiffness
Minimize GDL Thickness
More Conductive GDL
Conductivity @ <20% RH
Conductivity @ >80% RH
Conductivity @ 20% to 80% RH
Fundamentally less expensive polymers
Less expensive PFSA precursors
Low H2 Cross Over Membrane
Low N2 Cross over membrane
Manufacturing Process
Membrane Loss ( degradation)
Minimize Membrane Thickness
Driver
Increased Plate Conductivity
Precise Plate Mfg Tolerances
Carbon plate Cycle Time
Carbon raw materials Processing
Facile Liquid Water Removal
Improved Plate Formability
Increased Plate Strength
Metal Coating materials/process
Metal or Carbon Joining Method
Metal Plate Substrate Alloy
Minimize Plate Web Thickness
Plate Corrosion Resistance ( metal only)
Fuel
Econ
0.3
3
3
9
3
9
3
3
3
3
Size
9
1
3
3
9
3
1
3
3
3
Dura
3
3
1
1
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
Size
1
9
3
Dura
3
1
3
1
3
3
3
3
1
3
3
3
3
9
9
3
9
Fuel
Econ
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
9
3
3
3
9
9
3
Fuel
Econ
1
9
3
Durability
Fuel Economy
Cost Criticality Understa Opportun Classification
nding
ity
0.4
3
2.3
Med
Med
Engineering
3
1.2
Low
High
Research
1
0.4
Low
High
Research
1
1
Med
Med
Research
3
3
Med
Med
Research
1
2
High
Low
Technoloy at Limit
3
4.2
High
Low
Technoloy at Limit
3
1.3
High
Low
Engineering
9
3.9
High
High
Engineering
9
7.2
High
Med
High Priority Research
3
1.2
Low
High
Research
3
6
Med
High
High Priority Research
3
2.7
Med
Med
Engineering
1
0.4
High
Low
Technoloy at Limit
9
6.6
High
High
Engineering
Cost Criticality Understa Opportun Classification
nding
ity
9
5.4
Med
High
High Priority Research
3
1.9
Med
Med
Research
1
0.9
High
Med
Engineering
1
0.9
Med
Med
Engineering
0.6
Med
Med
Engineering
9
5.4
Med
Med
Engineering
1
0.7
Med
High
Engineering
3
1.2
Med
Med
Engineering
9
4.8
Med
High
Research
9
5.4
Med
Low
Engineering
1
1.3
High
Low
Technoloy at Limit
3
1.3
Med
Low
Engineering
9
6.6
High
Low
Technoloy at Limit
3
2.4
High
Med
Research
3
2.4
High
Med
Research
9
5.1
Low
High
High Priority Research
3
1.2
High
Med
Engineering
3
4.5
Med
Low
Research
9
6.3
Med
Low
High Priority Research
3
1.4
High
Med
Engineering
1
2.2
Med
Med
Engineering
3
2.8
High
Low
Technoloy at Limit
Cost
Crit
Under.
Opp
Classification
3
3
3
3
3
9
9
9
3
3
3
1.8
1.9
1.2
1.2
4.6
5
0.9
3.9
4.2
1.8
1.5
3
High
High
Med
Med
High
High
High
Low
Med
High
High
Low
Low
Low
High
Med
Med
Med
Low
Med
Med
Med
Low
Med
Technoloy at Limit
Technoloy at Limit
Engineering
Engineering
High Priority Research
High Priority Research
Technoloy at Limit
High Priority Research
Engineering
Engineering
Technoloy at Limit
High Priority Research
Strategic
Filter
Technology
Area
Catalyst
Catalyst
Catalyst
FCS
FCS ( vehicle)
Membrane
Catalyst
Membrane
FCS
GDL
GDL
GDL
Membrane
Plate
Driver
Carbon supported Pt
New High Activity Catalyst
Less Platinum
Efficient Air Compressor Technology
Less Gross Power
Conductivity @ <20% RH
Pt Dissolution Resistant Catalyst
Low N2 Cross over membrane
Less Expensive Humidifiers
Improved GDL Pore Structure
GDL low Cost Substrate Materials
Maximize GDL Stiffness
Fundamentally less expensive polymers
Improved Plate Formability
Criticality
Understanding
Opportunity
9
9
8.2
7.2
6.6
6.6
6.3
6.3
6
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.1
5
High
Low
High
High
High
High
Med
Med
Med
Med
Med
Med
Low
High
Low
High
Med
Med
High
Low
Med
Low
High
High
Med
Low
High
Med
Critical Research Needs
FRM5101460
Strategic Filter
1. Criticality
• The criticality is the sum of the magnitudes of all the effects (good
or bad) of using a technology path.
2. Understanding
• A measure of how much we know about a technology option
• Advantages, failure modes and trade-offs
3. Remaining Opportunity
Improvement
Technology Limit
Opportunity
Status
• How much improvement remains to
be made along each technology path.
• If a path is fully mature we reach the
“Technology Limit” and further
improvement will require a
“breakthrough” or the exploitation of
a different path.
Effort
7
FRM5101460
Map of the Technology Mine (Cost)
•High Priority Research  Focus of academic and corporate research
•Development Engineering Focus of in house and supplier engineering
•Research Lower urgency research
•Technology At Limit Exploit in present design: diminishing returns
8
FRM5101460
The Biggest Driver for Materials
•High Priority Research  Focus of academic and corporate research
•Development Engineering Focus of in house and supplier engineering
•Research Lower urgency research
•Technology At Limit Exploit in present design: diminishing returns
9
FRM5101460
Some Statistics
Opportunity
Criticality
Criticality Low
45%
low
32%
med
46%
Criticality Med Criticality High
23%
32%
high
22%
Understanding
Medium
38%
Low
13%
High
49%
Classification
Technology at
Limit
23%
Engineering
38%
Research
17%
1.
We should focus on the 23%
that are most critical.
2.
Overall understanding of the
opportunities is good.
3.
There are many good
opportunities for cost reduction
High Priority
Research
22%
10
FRM5101460
The Most Critical Research
1
1
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
3
4
3
4
3
Technology
Area
Catalyst
Catalyst
Catalyst
FCS
FCS ( vehicle)
Membrane
Catalyst
Membrane
FCS
GDL
GDL
GDL
Membrane
Plate
Driver
Carbon supported Pt
New High Activity Catalyst
Less Platinum
Efficient Air Compressor Technology
Less Gross Power
Conductivity @ <20% RH
Pt Dissolution Resistant Catalyst
Low N2 Cross over membrane
Less Expensive Humidifiers
Improved GDL Pore Structure
GDL low Cost Substrate Materials
Maximize GDL Stiffness
Fundamentally less expensive polymers
Improved Plate Formability
Criticality
Understanding
Opportunity
9
9
8.2
7.2
6.6
6.6
6.3
6.3
6
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.1
5
High
Low
High
High
High
High
Med
Med
Med
Med
Med
Med
Low
High
Low
High
Med
Med
High
Low
Med
Low
High
High
Med
Low
High
Med
These areas of research and development need to be the focus.
1
2
3
4
11
New durable high activity catalysts.
Enable low cost system
Enable high current density via plate and GDL
Lower cost cell materials
FRM5101460
The Mature Technologies
Technology
Area
Catalyst
Cell Design
Cell Design
Cell Design
Cell Design
Cell Design
FCS
GDL
Membrane
Membrane
Plate
Plate
Plate
Plate
Driver
Carbon supported Pt
Self Hydrating Cell
Robustness of design to MFG tols
Minimize Port Areas
Minimize transition areas
Low Force Seals
Less Expensive Intercooler
Minimize GDL Thickness
Conductivity @ <20% RH
Minimize Membrane Thickness
Precise Plate Mfg Tolerances
Increased Plate Conductivity
Minimize Plate Web Thickness
Increased Plate Strength
Criticality
Understanding
Opportunity
9
4.2
2
1.5
1.5
1.5
0.4
1.3
6.6
2.8
1.9
1.8
1.5
0.9
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
These technologies have reached their maximum capability.
• Gen 4 stack will utilize them at their maximum.
• It’s time to look for alternative paths or breakthroughs.
12
FRM5101460
Examples and Targets
FRM5101460
Catalyst
Technology
Area
Catalyst
Catalyst
Catalyst
Catalyst
Driver
Cost
9
9
9
9
Fuel
Econ
9
9
9
3
Catalyst
Non carbon catalyst support materials
9
3
3
3.9
Low
High
High Priority Research
Catalyst
Catalyst
Catalyst
Catalyst
Catalyst coating technology
Catalyst primary process
Freeze tolerant catalyst structure
Catalyst recycling process
1
3
3
3
1
1
2.3
1.2
1
0.4
Med
Low
Med
Low
Med
High
Med
High
Engineering
Research
Research
Research
Carbon supported Pt
New high activity catalyst
Less platinum
Pt dissolution resistant catalyst
Size
Dura
9
9
1
3
9
9
9
9
Criticalit Understa Opportun Classification
y
nding
ity
9
High
Low
Technology at Limit
9
Low
High
High Priority Research
8.2
High
Med
High Priority Research
6.3
Med
Med
High Priority Research
Carbon Supports - High surface area carbon supported Platinum catalysts have been
the main technology in automotive PEM for the generation 1,2 and likely 3 stacks
however they have essentially reached the limits of performance and durability and
new path need to be explored for generation 4.
Activity vs Durability - For Pt based structures mass activity can be enhanced by
increasing the surface area or by altering the electronic structure of the surface. Both
options need to be pursued but the impact on durability is critical.
Processing - During the development of new catalyst systems we need to
simultaneously develop the processes to synthesize them at low cost and possibly to
deposit them directly onto MEA with as few intermediate steps as possible to ensure
high material yields.
14
FRM5101460
Cathode Catalyst Pathways
Work Streams
Proprietary Process
Stabilized
Platinum Alloys
Support Structures
CatalystSupport
Interaction
(Non-Carbon)
Pseudo Bulk
Catalyst
Non Precious
Metal Catalyst
15
High Surface Area
Metal oxides
Core Shell Catalysts
Thin film Pt-alloy
Structures
Various Materials
Create stable alloys
that retain high
performance
Improve activity
w/ more robust
support materials
High activity &
stability
Replace platinum
with w/ cheap
catalytic materials
FRM5101460
Mass Activity/ Specific Activity
Ex-situ Activity Summary
normalized to Pt baseline
4x Mass Activity Target
Specific Activity
25
23.8
Specific Activity
( x Pt baseline)
20
10
2.6
1
5
3.9
2.1
1.9
????
4
3
10.3
2
4.5
1
1.6
1.4
1.0
de
el
l
/C
H
ig
h
Su
rfa
Ad
ce
v
C
Ar
ea
or
e
O
xi
Sh
de
Pt
-M
et
al
O
xi
O
/C
"B
"
y
Pt
/M
et
al
St
a
lo
y
Pt
-a
l
Al
lo
ed
bi
liz
"A
"
lo
y
Pt
-a
l
Pt
SC
H
in
e
ba
se
l
xid
e
0
HS
C
0
Pt
/C
6
5
3.4
Mass Activity
( x Pt baseline)
15
????
Specific Mass Activity
30
C=Carbon; HSC=High Surface Area Carbon
16
FRM5101460
Membrane
Membrane
Membrane
Membrane
Membrane
Membrane
Membrane
Membrane
Membrane
Membrane
Membrane
Conductivity @ <20% RH
Conductivity @ >80% RH
Conductivity @ 20% to 80% RH
Fundamentally less expensive polymers
Less expensive PFSA precursors
Low H2 Cross Over Membrane
Low N2 Cross over membrane
Manufacturing Process
Membrane Loss ( degradation)
Minimize Membrane Thickness
3
3
3
3
3
1
1
9
3
9
3
3
3
9
9
3
9
3
3
9
3
3
9
3
1
3
6.6
2.4
2.4
5.1
1.2
4.5
6.3
1.4
2.2
2.8
High
High
High
Low
High
Med
Med
High
Med
High
Low
Med
Med
High
Med
Low
Low
Med
Med
Low
Technoloy at Limit
Research
High Priority Research
High Priority Research
Engineering
Research
High Priority Research
Engineering
Engineering
Technoloy at Limit
Driver
PFSA membranes are quite mature and it is becoming apparent that further
improvements will be limited. They are however quite capable and are expected to be
viable in future generations when the cost of producing them is reduced significantly.
Cross-over - In order to enable cost reduction in the fuel cell support systems a large
reduction in the Nitrogen cross over is needed. Unless a change in the basic polymer
is used to achieve this thinner membranes may not be practical.
Hydration - A great deal of effort has been put into reducing the resistance of
membranes at low RH however this has increased the basic cost of the materials.
Fundamental studies have shown that zero RH conduction cannot occur for sulphonic
acid based membranes.
17
FRM5101460
Membrane Pathways
Work Streams
Low cost SSC PFSA
Low cost PFSA
membranes
Hydrocarbon
membranes
Additive
Technology
18
Reinforcement
Low cost LSC PFSA
Block Co-polymer
Homo polymer
Free Radical
Scavengers
Water Retention
Additives
Lower membrane
cost, improve
performance &
durability.
Cost and better
gas cross over.
Improve membranes
by adding special
function materials.
FRM5101460
Dry Conduction Progress
Membrane resistances for different RH's
1
Supplier A
Supplier B
Supplier C
Target
0.9
Resistance (Ohm.cm2)
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
Membrane RH (%)
19
FRM5101460
Dry Conduction Progress II Log Scale
Membrane resistances for different RH's
Resistance (Ohm.cm2)
1
0.1
0.01
Data from materials reported in the
2008 DOE Hydrogen program review
0.001
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Membrane RH (%)
• Improved materials all have the same sensitivity to RH.
• Overall resistance at all RHs improved
• Without a change in conduction physics target at <30% RH unlikely to be met
20
FRM5101460
Proton dissociation –Needs Water
RSO3H : (H2O)n  RSO3-+ H+(H2O)n
Based on these models for the equilibrium:
RSO3H : (H2O)n  RSO3-+ H+(H2O)n
When n>3, the ion pair structure, RSO3-+
H+(H2O)n is more stable than the neutral
complex
(H2O)n. Ionization could happen.
Vassiliki-Alexandra Glezakou, et.al. Phys.
Chem. Chem. Phys., 2007, 9, 5752–5760
n=2
n=3
• High proton transport rate in PFSA
membranes requires a high degree
ionization
• At RH <30%, the number of
molecules in a typical PFSA n  3.
water
• Insufficient water in the membrane can
cause a low proton conductivity and poor
durability
21
FRM5101460
N2 Cross Over Effect on Parasitic Load
Normalized H2 Pump Power
The amount of gas that needs to be
pumped back into the stack inlet is
proportional to the nitrogen cross
over rate.
% of Maximum
120%
100%
80%
60%
40%
The power required to pump this
nitrogen is waste and requires
extra cells to produce it.
20%
0%
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Nitrogen Mole Fraction
Nitrogen Cross Over
7
Normalized to Target
6
The recycle circuit is typically
purged to get rid of the
accumulated nitrogen which
inevitably wastes hydrogen.
5
Incremental improvements in
nitrogen crossover directly benefit
the cost and fuel economy of Fuel
Cell Vehicles.
4
3
2
1
0
Target
22
HC Block CoPolymer
PFSA 1 (~25 um)
FRM5101460
Cost-Performance Gaps
Gas inlet: Ambient atmosphere , T 95 C
Gas inlet RH 30%, T 95 C
100
lower cost
80
60
40
20
100Random HC polymer
Random HC polymer
lower cost
Block HC polymer+ reinforcement
Block HC polymer+ reinforcement
im prove
perform nac e
Membrane performance & durability
120
improve performnac e
Membrane perform ance & durability
120
LSC PFSA+reinforcement
80LSC PFSA+reinforcement
LSC PFSA
LSC PFSA
60low cost SSC PFSA+reinforcement
low cost SSC PFSA+reinforcement
SSC PFSA from Supplier C
SSC PFSA from Supplier C
40SSC PFSA from Supplier D
SSC PFSA from Supplier D
HY5 target
HY5 target
20
0
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
0
120
20
40
60
80
100
120
Cost US$/m2 (volum 850k m2 per year)
Cost US$/m2 (volum 850k m2 per year)
Gas inlet RH 80% , T 85 C
Membrane performance & durability
120
100
Random HC polymer
Block HC polymer+ reinforcement
lower cost
80
LSC PFSA+reinforcement
LSC PFSA
low cost SSC PFSA+reinforcement
60
SSC PFSA from Supplier C
SSC PFSA from Supplier D
40
HY5 target
20
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Cost US$/m2 (volum 850k m2 per year)
23
FRM5101460
Bipolar Plates
Technology
Area
Plate
Plate
Plate
Plate
Plate
Plate
Plate
Plate
Plate
Plate
Plate
Plate
Driver
Increased Plate Conductivity
Precise Plate Mfg Tolerances
Carbon plate Cycle Time
Carbon raw materials Processing
Facile Liquid Water Removal
Improved Plate Formability
Increased Plate Strength
Metal Coating materials/process
Metal or Carbon Joining Method
Metal Plate Substrate Alloy
Minimize Plate Web Thickness
Plate Corrosion Resistance ( metal only)
Size
Dura
3
1
3
1
3
3
3
3
1
3
Fuel
Econ
1
9
3
3
3
3
9
Driver
Cost
Crit
Under.
Opp
Classification
3
3
3
3
3
9
1.8
1.9
1.2
1.2
4.6
5
0.9
3.9
4.2
1.8
1.5
3
High
High
Med
Med
High
High
High
Low
Med
High
High
Low
Low
Low
High
Med
Med
Med
Low
Med
Med
Med
Low
Med
Technoloy at Limit
Technoloy at Limit
Engineering
Engineering
High Priority Research
High Priority Research
Technoloy at Limit
High Priority Research
Engineering
Engineering
Technoloy at Limit
High Priority Research
9
9
3
3
3
Plate technology is quite mature due to significant investment by researchers and a
competitive environment with the suppliers. Plate assemblies can be made with good
quality and strength at thicknesses well below 2mm and it is now the flow field and
not plate material that limits further reductions.
Cost - While several suppliers are predicting cost which approach the targets, a
significant gap remains with respect to joining/sealing methods, as well as corrosion
protection coating technology and production cycle times.
Water Management - At high current densities much higher gas and liquid water
fluxes must move through the channels. Water remains a big driver for flow
resistance and poor flow distribution.
24
FRM5101460
Carbon or Metal: No Clear Winner
Inherent
Advantages
• Inherently corrosion
resistant.
Carbon
Composite
• Conductive surface.
• 200 um web thickness.
• Better FF, seal, and backside
geometry possible.
• High Strength/Toughness
Coated
Metal
25
• 100 um web thickness
Needed
Improvements
• Strength/toughness
• Process cycle time
• Raw material costs
• Low cost joining method
• Coating Cost/Process
• Welding/joining cost
• Inexpensive forming process
• Surface contact resistance
plate to plate
• Inexpensive substrate
• Available formed shapes.
FRM5101460
Pressure Drop Vs Water
L
V2
P  f    
D
2
Re 
VD
( f  Re)  L  V  
P 

2  D2
f 
64 For a smooth wall
Re circular pipe
Effect of Water on Pressure Drop and Apparent Friction Factor
134
124
f*Re
114
104
94
Dry f*Re
Wet f*Re ~ 10 to 30 % more liquid water
Advanced Flow Field #1 Wet
Advanced Flow Field #2 Wet
84
74
64
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
Reynolds Number Vapour Included (Re)
Gen 4 flow field advancements reduce pressure drop
of advanced cells by ~30 %
26
FRM5101460
Power Density Progress
Stack Power Density and Cell Pitch
4
Power Density (volumetric)
Cell Pitch
2000
3
1500
2
1000
Cell Pitch (mm)
Stack Volumetric Power Density (kW/L)
2500
1
500
0
1990
0
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
Year
Current density and cell pitch
Mk5
27
Mk7
Mk8
Mk901
Generation 1
Current density
Generation 2
Generation 3
Generation 4
FRM5101460
Conclusions
• There are many open paths to make further progress on Fuel
Cell System costs.
• There has been a great deal of progress in many key areas:
o Our understanding of the options is good.
o There are quite a few mature technologies that can be
exploited in the generation 4 cars.
And thus:
o Resources will be focussed onto paths with the most
remaining opportunity and highest impact on cost.
• This focussed research and engineering effort will enable us to
meet commercial fuel cell targets
28
FRM5101460