Safety requirements, UL 62368-1

Information and Communication

Technology Equipment – Part 1: Safety Requirements,

UL 62368-1

Section 5

Electrically Caused Injury

Copyright © 2012 Charles Bayhi

Permission to copy if attribution is included

CPSM Corporation

Safety Requirements, UL 62368-1

 Background

 Is intended to ultimately replace IEC 60065 and IEC 60950-1;

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IEC Standard initially published in 2010 with a minimum five (5) year effective date that is being recommended by IEC TC108;

Its Test Report Form (TRF) has been published;

Publication of national standards based on IEC 62368-1 expected to follow after the publication of IEC 62368-1.

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It is hoped that National/Regional Committees will adopt effective dates that will coincide with the effective date timing recommended by IEC TC108, but this cannot be guaranteed.

Since the five-year transition period is the best case scenario, there’s no guarantee that one or more regulators will not adopt the standard sooner.

Retailers and other major customers may demand a product to be certified to IEC

62368-1 sooner than the transition period.


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Background

 IEC 62368-1/UL 62368-1

 New Safety Standard for

 Consumer Electronic (Audio/Video) Apparatus,

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Information Technology Equipment, and

Communication Technology Equipment

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NOT a simple merger of IEC 60065 and IEC 60950-1

IEC 62368-1 published 2010-01-21

 (www.ansi.org – cost $370)

UL 62368-1 published 2012-2-17

 (www.comm-2000.com – cost $579)

CSA 62368-1-12 published 2012-2-17

 (www.shop.csa.ca – cost $330 US)


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Background

 IEC 62368-1

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Its scope is broad and inclusive of the current IEC 60065 and IEC

60950-1.

Follows a different approach to safety using HBSE principles – but it is not a full HBSE or Risk Based standard – it relies on performance tests to demonstrate safety.

It’s Hazard Based approach is different than that of the more prescriptive approach taken by the existing standards, i.e., IEC 60065 and IEC 60950-

1.


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Workshop Format

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Series of presentations

Each presentation will go thru the standard, Section by Section

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Section 0, Principles of Product Safety,

Section 1, Scope (skip)

Section 2, Normative References (skip)

Section 3, Terms and Definitions

Section 4, General Requirements

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Section 5, Electrically Caused Injuries

Section 6,

Open discussion

Safety requirements, UL 62368-1

 5.1 General

 To reduce the likelihood of painful effects and injury due to electric current passing through the human body, equipment shall be provided with the safeguards specified in this clause.


 5.2 Classification and limits of electrical energy sources

 5.2.1 Electrical energy source classifications

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5.2.1.1 ES1

ES1 is a class 1 electrical energy source with levels not exceeding ES1 limits under

 – normal operating conditions, and

 – abnormal operating conditions that do not lead to a single

fault condition, and not exceeding ES2 limits under single fault conditions.

NOTE ES1 may be accessible to an ordinary person.



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5.2.1.2 ES2

ES2 is a class 2 electrical energy source with levels not exceeding ES2 limits under

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– normal operating conditions,

– abnormal operating conditions, and

– single fault conditions, but is not ES1.

NOTE ES2 may be accessible to an instructed person.



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5.2.1.3 ES3

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ES3 is a class 3 electrical energy source with levels exceeding ES2 limits under normal operating conditions, abnormal operating conditions or single fault conditions.

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NOTE 1 The energy in ES3 may cause harmful physiological effects under contact with a body part.

NOTE 2 Parts and circuits classed ES3 may be accessible to a skilled person.

All current-carrying conductors of an a.c. mains circuit, including the neutral, are declared ES3.

Conductive parts may be classed ES3 without measurement or evaluation.



 5.2.2 ES1, ES2 and ES3 limits

 5.2.2.1 General

 This subclause specifies the parameters and their magnitudes for electrical energy sources ES1, ES2 and ES3.

 The limits specified in this subclause are with respect to earth or with respect to an accessible part.


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5.2 Classification and limits of electrical energy sources

5.2.2 ES1, ES2 and ES3 limits



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For ES1 and ES2, for any voltage up to the limit voltage, there is no limit for the current. For any current up to the limit current, there is no limit for the voltage.

For ES1 and ES2, in no case can both the current limit and the voltage limit be exceeded.

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ES2 is an energy source where both the voltage and current exceed the limits for ES1, but do not exceed the limits for ES2.

ES3 is any source where both the voltage limit and current limit exceed

ES2. Voltage limits in this figure do not apply to charged capacitors



 5.2.2.2 Steady-state voltage and current limits

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An electrical energy source class is determined from both the available voltage and the available current

The values are the maximum that can be delivered by the source for 2 s or more.



 Table 4 – Electrical energy source limits for d.c. and low frequency a.c. currents



Figure 24 – Maximum values for combined a.c. current and d.c. current



 The ES2 limit curve is based on the following formula:

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Where I ac is the measured a.c. current within the range of 0 mA to 5 mA;

I dc is the measured d.c. current within the range of 0 mA to 25 mA.



 Table 5 – Electrical energy source limits for d.c. and low frequency a.c. voltages



Figure 25 – Maximum values for combined a.c. voltage and d.c. voltage



 The ES2 limit curve is based on the following formula:

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U ac is the measured a.c. voltage within the range of 0 V to 50 V r.m.s.

U dc is the measured d.c. voltage within the range of 0 V to 120 V.



 Table 6 – Electrical energy source limits for medium and high frequency voltage and current



 5.2.2.3 Capacitance limits

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Where the electrical energy source is a capacitor, the energy source is classified from both the charge voltage and the capacitance.

The capacitance is the rated value of the capacitor plus the specified tolerance.

The ES1 and ES2 limits for various capacitance values are listed in Table 7.



 Table 7 – Electrical energy source limits for a charged capacitor


 5.3 Protection against electrical energy sources

 5.3.1 General

 This subclause specifies protection requirements for parts accessible to ordinary persons, instructed persons, and skilled persons.



 5.3.1 General

 Table 11 – Overview on safeguard requirements (persons)



 5.3.2 Protection of an ordinary person

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5.3.2.1 Safeguards between ES1 and an ordinary person

 No safeguards need be interposed between ES1 and an ordinary person.


 At least one safeguard shall be interposed between ES2 and an ordinary person


 Unless otherwise specified, at least one equipment basic safeguard and one equipment supplementary safeguard

(double safeguard) or a reinforced safeguard shall be

interposed between ES3 and an ordinary person



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5.3.3.1 Safeguards between ES1 or ES2 and an instructed person

 No safeguards need to be interposed between ES1 or ES2 and an instructed person

5.3.3.2 Safeguards between ES3 and an instructed person

 Unless otherwise specified, at least one equipment basic safeguard and one equipment supplementary safeguard (double safeguard) or a reinforced safeguard shall be interposed

between ES3 and an instructed person



 5.3.4 Protection of a skilled person

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5.3.4.1 Safeguards between ES1 or ES2 and a skilled person

 No safeguards need to be interposed between ES1 or ES2 and a skilled person

5.3.4.2 Safeguards between ES3 and a skilled person

 Bare conductors at ES3 shall be located or guarded so that unintentional contact with such conductors during service operations is unlikely



 5.3.5 Safeguards between energy sources

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5.3.5.1 General

This subclause specifies safeguards between ES1, ES2 and ES3.

Table 12 gives an overview of the required number of equipment

safeguards between electrical energy sources.



 Table 12 – Overview of required number of equipment safeguards



 5.3.5.2 Safeguards between ES1, ES2 and ES3

 At least one basic safeguard shall be interposed between ES2 and

ES1



 At least one basic safeguard and one supplementary

safeguard shall be interposed between ES3 and ES1



 5.3.5.3 Protection of ES2 against ES3

 At least one basic safeguard and one supplementary safeguard

shall be interposed between ES3 and ES2



 5.3.6 Accessibility to electrical energy sources and safeguards

 5.3.6.1 Requirements

 For ordinary persons, the following shall not be accessible: o – bare parts at ES2, except for the pins of connectors. However, such pins shall not be accessible under normal operating conditions by the blunt probe of Figure V.3; and

 o – bare parts at ES3; and o – an ES3 basic safeguard.

For instructed persons, the following shall not be accessible: o – bare parts at ES3; and o – an ES3 basic safeguard.



 5.3.6.2 Contact requirements

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For ES3 voltages up to 420 V peak, the appropriate test probe from Annex

V shall not contact a bare internal conductive part.

For ES3 voltages above 420 V peak, the appropriate test probe from

Annex V shall not contact a bare internal conductive part and shall have an air gap from that part

 The air gap shall either: o a) pass an electric strength test in accordance with 5.4.11.1 at a test voltage (d.c. or peak a.c.) that is equal to the test voltage for basic insulation in Table 32 corresponding to the peak working voltage; or o b) have a minimum distance according Table 13.



 Figure 31 – Contact requirements to bare internal conductive parts



 Table 13 – Minimum air gap distance


 5.4 Insulation materials and requirements

 5.4.1 General

 5.4.1.1 Insulation

 This subclause specifies insulating materials, clearances, creepage

distances and solid insulation, including the use of these materials in components.

 Insulation providing a safeguard function is designated basic insulation, supplementary insulation, double insulation, or reinforced insulation.



 5.4.1 General

 5.4.1.2 Properties of insulating material

 The choice and application of insulating material shall take into account the needs for electrical strength, mechanical strength, dimension, frequency of the working voltage and other

properties for the working environment (temperature, pressure, humidity and pollution) as specified in this Clause 5 and Annex T.



 5.4.1 General

 5.4.1.4 Frequency

 For fundamental frequencies higher than 30 kHz, the clearances, creepage distances and solid insulation shall comply with

5.4.2, 5.4.3 and 5.4.4.9 respectively.

 If the circuit has both a mains frequency and a fundamental

frequency exceeding 30 kHz, then the worst-case requirements for clearances, creepage distances, and solid insulation shall be applied.

o As an alternative, for solid insulation and frequencies above

30 kHz, the high frequency test of 5.4.4.9 can be substituted by the electric strength test of 5.4.11.1 under the following conditions: o – the field strength is approximately uniform; and o – no voids or air gaps are present in the solid insulation.



 5.4.1.5.1 Requirements

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Under normal operating conditions, insulating material

temperatures shall not exceed the temperature limit of the insulating material, including insulating materials of components, or the maximum temperature limit of the insulation system as given in Table 14.

For maximum temperatures below or equal to 100 °C, no classified insulation system is required.



 5.4.1.6 Pollution degrees

 This subclause describes different degrees of pollution of the operating environment for products covered by this standard.

 Pollution degree 1

 o No pollution or only dry, non-conductive pollution occurs. The pollution has no influence.

Pollution degree 2 o Only non-conductive pollution occurs except that occasionally a temporary conductivity caused by condensation is to be expected.

 o NOTE Pollution degree 2 is generally appropriate for equipment covered by the scope of this standard.

Pollution degree 3 o Conductive pollution occurs or dry non-conductive pollution occurs that becomes conductive due to condensation, which is to be expected.



 5.4.1 General

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5.4.1.7 Insulation in transformers with varying dimensions

5.4.1.8 Insulation in circuits generating starting pulses

5.4.1.9 Determination of working voltage

5.4.1.10 Insulating surfaces

5.4.1.11 Thermoplastic parts on which conductive metallic parts are directly mounted



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5.4.2 Clearances

5.4.3 Creepage distances

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5.4.4 Solid insulation

5.4.5 Antenna terminal insulation

5.4.6 Insulation of internal wire as a part of a supplementary safeguard

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5.4.7 Thermal cycling test procedure

5.4.8 Test for pollution degree 1 environment and for an insulating compound

5.4.9 Tests for semiconductor components and for cemented joints



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5.4.10 Humidity conditioning

5.4.11 Electric strength test

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5.4.12 Protection against transient voltages from external circuits

5.4.13 Separation between external circuits and earth


 5.5 Components as safeguards

 5.5.1 General

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This subclause specifies applications of components that serve as

(electrical) safeguards or that bridge safeguards.

If a component bridges a safeguard, then it shall also comply with

all the requirements for that safeguard as applicable.



 5.5.2 Components as basic safeguard and supplementary safeguard

 5.5.2.1 General requirements

 For components used as a basic safeguard, the insulation shall comply with basic insulation.

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For components used as a supplementary safeguard, the insulation shall comply with supplementary insulation.

Components may be used as a basic safeguard or supplementary

safeguard, but only if used within their ratings.



 5.5.2 Components as basic safeguard and supplementary safeguard

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5.5.2.1 General requirements

5.5.2.2 Capacitors and RC units as a basic safeguard and a supplementary safeguard

5.5.2.3 Safeguards against capacitor discharge

5.5.2.4 Transformers as a basic safeguard and a supplementary safeguard

5.5.2.5 Optocouplers as basic safeguard and supplementary safeguard

5.5.2.6 Relays as a basic safeguard and a supplementary safeguard

5.5.2.7 Resistors as a basic safeguard and a supplementary safeguard

5.5.2.8 SPD as a basic safeguard

5.5.2.9 Other components as a basic safeguard between ES1 and ES2



 5.5.3 Components as a reinforced safeguard

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For components used as a reinforced safeguard, the insulation shall comply with reinforced insulation.

5.5.3.2 Capacitors and RC units

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Capacitors and RC units may be used as a reinforced safeguard

provided they comply with the requirements for reinforced insulation between their terminations for the total working

voltage across the insulation. The capacitors and RC units shall comply with IEC 60384-14 as given in Clause G.15.

Class X capacitors shall not be used as a reinforced safeguard.




 5.5.3.2 Capacitors and RC units

 If a reinforced safeguard consists of more than one capacitor, all of the following applies: o – under single fault conditions, the voltage on each of the

remaining individual capacitors shall not exceed the voltage rating of the relevant individual capacitors; o – the sum of the peak impulse test voltages of all capacitors shall be not less than twice the required withstand voltage; o – the sum of the r.m.s. test voltages of all capacitors shall be not less than the highest of the required test voltage of Table 31, Table

32 and Table 33.




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5.5.3.3 Transformers

 Transformers used as a reinforced safeguard shall comply with the requirements of reinforced insulation and Clause G.7.

5.5.3.4 Optocouplers

 Insulation of optocouplers used as a reinforced safeguard or double safeguard shall comply with reinforced insulation requirements or with the safety requirements of the IEC

standard described in Clause G.16.




 5.5.3.5 Relays

 Insulation of relays used as a reinforced safeguard or double safeguard shall comply with reinforced insulation requirements or with the safety requirements of the IEC standard as described in Clause G.17.




 5.5.3.6 Resistors

 Resistors may be used as a reinforced safeguard provided they comply with the clearance and creepage distance requirements for reinforced insulation between their terminations for the total working voltage across the insulation.





 Double insulation or reinforced insulation may be provided

by one resistor or by a group of two or more resistors in series, under the following conditions: o – the resistor or group of resistors shall comply with the minimum clearances of 5.4.2; and o – the minimum creepage distances of 5.4.3 for reinforced insulation, as applicable for the total working voltage across the resistor or group. For a group of resistors, see

Figure O.4.





 Double insulation or reinforced insulation may be provided

by one resistor or by a group of two or more resistors in series, under the following conditions: o If a single resistor is used, it shall pass the resistor test of G.14.2.

o If a group of resistors is used, the clearance and creepage

distance are assessed as if each resistor were short-circuited in turn, unless the group passes the resistor test of G.14.2.



 5.5.4 Insulation between the mains and an external circuit consisting of a coaxial cable

 Except as specified below, the insulation between the mains and the

terminal or lead provided for the connection to a coaxial cable including the resistor bridging this insulation, if any, shall pass either:

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– the voltage surge test of G.14.3.2 for equipment intended to be connected to a coaxial cable connected to an outdoor antenna; or

– the impulse test of G.14.3.3 for equipment intended to be connected to another coaxial cable.



 5.5.5 Components and parts that may bridge insulation

 5.5.5.1 Requirement

 Where a component or part could bridge insulation where failure of that insulation would result in class 2 energy sources or class 3 energy sources becoming accessible, the component or part shall

withstand the test of Clause T.2.



 5.5.5 Components and parts that may bridge insulation

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5.5.5.1 Requirement

5.5.5.1DV D2 Modify 5.5.5.1 by adding the following text:

 For the purpose of assessing compliance it is assumed that: o – two independent fixings will not become loose at the same time; and o – parts fixed by means of screws or nuts provided with self-locking washers or other means of locking are not liable to become loose.

o Examples of constructions regarded as meeting the requirements


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FUTURE PRESENTATIONS

5.6 Protective conductor

 5.7 Prospective touch voltage, touch current and protective conductor current

 6 Electrically-caused fire

 7 Chemically-caused injury

 8 Mechanically-caused injury

 9 Thermal burn injury

 10 Radiation

Safety requirements, UL 62368-1

Section 5

Electrically Caused Injury

Safety Requirements, UL 62368-1

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Safety requirements, UL 62368-1

Section 5

Electrically Caused Injury

Safety Requirements, UL 62368-1

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