Clinical Microbiology
2008
Microorganisms as causative
agents of infections in animals
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Companion animals:
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Dog and cat
Horse
Food animals
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Cattle and sheep
Pig
Poultry
Infections of the..
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Respiratory system
Nervous system (CNS)
Gastro-intestinal tract
Urinary tract
Genital systém
Skin, soft tissues and wounds
Joint and bones
Clinical microbiology (microbes
and antimicrobials)
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Bacteriology
and use of antibiotics and chemoterapeutics)
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Virology
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Mycology
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And use of antivirotics
And use of antimycotics
Use of vaccines
Clinical specimens
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Colleted from living animals not from
necropsy
Characterisation of bacteria
from clinical specimens
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Processing of a specimen
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Gram stain
Cultivation
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Atmosphere (A/AN, A+CO2,AN,A)
Culture media (solid:BA, MC agar,XLD agar, chocolate
agar, liquid: broths)
Identification
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G+
Gram- negative bacteria (oxidase, catalase,
biochemical tests, serological tests to identify
serovars
Further identification -Typing
methods
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Serological tests are used for
serotyping
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(E.coli O157 H7, E. coli O141 F4
S. Typhimurium O 1,4,5,12,H: i, 1,2
S. Enteritidis O1,9,12, H:g,m
Bacteriophage typing (S. Typimurium
DT 104)
Identification – subtyping
methods
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DNA subtyping methods
gene typing for virulence factors
instead of toxin production
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E.coli
P. multocida
Obligate anaerobic bacteria
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Bacteroides/Fusobacterium
Porphyromonas
Prevotella
Clostridium perfringens
Clostridium difficile
Metods for detection of noncultured bacteria
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Microscopy
PCR detection using various
modifications
PCR
Nested PCR
Real time PCR
Non-cultured bacterial genera
and species
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Lawsonia intracellularis
Chlamydophilla spp.
Rickketsias
Hemomycoplasmas:
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Mycoplasma hemosuis, M. hemofelis
G- bacterial species most
frequently obsereved
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Psudomonas aeruginosa
E. coli
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Other coliforms (Klebsiella, Enterobacter)
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Salmonella
Pasteurella multocida
Haemophilus spp.
Actinobacillus spp.
G+ bacterial species most
frequently obsereved
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Beta – haemolytic streptococci
Staphylococcus aureus/S.intermedius
Coagulase negative staphylococci
Enterococci
Clostridium perfringens
Zoonotic bacterial species
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Campylobacter jejuni, C.coli
VTEC (verotoxigenic E.coli serogroup
O157
Salmonella enterica (ST DT 104)
Yersinia enterocolitica
Streptococcus suis 2
Listeria moncytogenes
Mycotic infections
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Candida albicans
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Dermatophyta
Use of Antibiotics
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Antibiotic susceptibility testing
MIC – minimum inhibitory
concentrations
Disc susceptibility test
Etest
Beta-lactamase test
Commonly used antibiotic
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Range of action:
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Very good
Good
Poor activity against particular bacteria
Bacterial resistance mechanisms
Betalactams
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PENICILLINS
Benzylpenicillin
Aminopenicillins
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Ampicilin, amoxicilin
Cephalosporines 1 to 4
generation
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1g:
2g:
3g:
4g:
cephalotin
cefuroxim
ceftazidim
cefquinom
Carbapenems
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Imipenem
Inhibitors of beta-lactamases
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Clavulanic acid
Sulbactam
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Combination: co-amoxicillin
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Glykopeptides
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Vancomycin
Teicoplanin
Aminoglycosides
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Streptomycin
Gentamicin
Macrolides
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Erytromycin
Tylosin
Tilmicosin
Lincosamides
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Lincomycine
Tetracyclines
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Oxytetracycline/Chlortetracycline
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Doxycycline
Amphenicols
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Chloramphenicol
2.gen.
Florfenicol
Pleuromutilins (diterpens)
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Tiamulin
2gen.
Valnemulin
Chemoterapeutics
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Sulfonamides
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Quinolones
Sulfonamides
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Sulfamethoxazol
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Co- trimoxazol
Quinolones
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Non fluorinated q.
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Oxolinic acid
Fluorinated q.
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enrofloxacin
Infections of the Respiratory
System
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Mirobes
Pathogenesis (aspiration)
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Nasopharynx
Pharynx (pharyngitis)
Trachea
Bronchi (bronchioli)
Lungs -pneumonia
Bronchopneumonia
Pleura (pleuritis)
Lung absces
Infection of the skin and sof
tissues
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A breatch of the skin
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Via minor abrasions
Hair follicles
Surgical incision
Wounds (traumatic, surgical)
Infections of the blood
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Bacteraemia - bacteria in the blood se
detected by blood culture
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Transient (single episode)
Intermittent
Continuous