Guo Ling,PhD,MD
Department of Anatomy
Introduction
Human Anatomy is the science which deals
with the gross morphology and spatial
interrelations of the structures in the human
body.
Owing to different methods and purposes of study,
human anatomy is generally classified into :
Gross anatomy
Systematic Anatomy
Regional Anatomy
Microscopic Anatomy
Developmental Anatomy
Radiographic Anatomy
Clinical Anatomy
Histology
Embryology
Cytology
I. The General Structures of Human Body
Cells
Tissues
Organs and Structures
Systems
There are nine systems in the human body:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Locomotor System
Alimentary System
Respiratory System
Urinary System
Reproductive (Genital) System
Endocrine System
Circulatory System (Angiology)
Nervous System
Sense Organs
Body
II. Basic concepts of anatomy
I). The anatomical position and regions of the body
The anatomical position is a standard position used
in anatomy and clinical medicine to allow medical
doctors and researchers to accurately describe a
specific part of human body in relative to another.
Anatomical Position
The body is upright; the
legs are put together, and
the face, toes directed
forwards. The palms are
turned forward, with the
thumbs laterally
Regions of Body
Head
Face
Neck
Thorax
Abdomen
Back
Upper limb
Lower limb
Anterior view
Posterior view
II). Planes and Sections
Sagittal planes
A coronal planes is vertical plane
Coronal
planesthe body at a
passing
through
Horizontal
transverse
right
angle toorsagittal
planeplanes
and it
divides the body into anterior and
A sagittalparts
plane is the vertical
posterior
plane passing through the body
from front to back, and it divides
Horizontal or transverse plane
the body
left and
right
lies atinto
a right
angle
to both
portions.
A median
sagittal
planeand
sagittal
and coronal
planes,
passes
throughthe
thebody
midline
the
it divides
into of
superior
partsdivides
.
bodyand
andinferior
it equally
the
body into left and right portions.
III). The terms of direction
Anterior
in front of another structure
Posterior
Behind another structure
Superior (Cranial)
Above another structure
Inferior (Caudal)
Below another structure
Medial
Closer to the median plane
Lateral
Further away from the median plane
Internal
Nearer to the center of a hollow
organ or body cavity
External
Further away from the center
of a hollow organ or body cavity
Superficial
Nearer to the surface of
the body or organs
Deep
Further away from the surface
of the body or organs
Proximal
Closer to the trunk or origin
Distal
Further away from the trunk or origin
PART I. THE LOCOMOTOR SYSTEM
The locomotor system includes bones, joints and muscles.
Chapter1.
Osteology (The Bone System)
The adult skeleton consists of 206
individual bones arranged to form a
strong, flexible body framework. The
bones of the skeleton perform the
mechanical functions of support and
leverage for body movement.
The bones can be divided into the
skull, the bones of the trunk and the
appendicular bones.
I. The Shape and Classification of Bones
The long bones
The short bones
The flat bones
The irregular bones
II. The Structure of Bones
Living bones include the following components:
compact bone
bony substance
Periosteum
bone marrow
spongy bone
fibrous membrane
vascular membrane
red marrow
yellow marrow
Blood and nerve supply
III. The Chemical Composition and
Physical Properties of Bone
Living bones are plastic organs with organic and
inorganic components. The organic material gives
the bones resilience and toughness; the inorganic
salts give them hardness and rigidity.
The physical properties of the bones depend upon
the chemical components which change with age.
Section 2
The Bones of Trunk
The bones of trunk include the vertebrae, the sternum,
and the ribs, which provide framework for the vertebral
column, the thoracic cage and pelvis.
The vertebrae
The ribs
The sternum
The vertebrae
I). The general features of the vertebrae
Cervical vertebrae (7)
Thoracic vertebrae (12)
Lumbar vertebrae (5)
Sacrum (1)
Coccyx (1)
The Ribs (Costae)
True ribs
false ribs
Costal arch
Floating ribs
True ribs
false ribs
Floating ribs
Tuberosity for serratus ant.
Sulcus for
subclavian v.
Sulcus for subclavian a.
Rib I
Tuberosity for serratus ant.
Rib II
Superior facet
Inferior facet
Articular facet
of tubercle
The sternum
Clavicular notch
Costal notch
for 1st rib
Jugular notch
Manubrium
of sternum
sternalangle
Costal notches
Xiphoid process
Body of sterum
Section 3 The Bones of Limbs
I. The bones of upper limb
The clavicle
Shoulder girdle
The scapula
The humerus
The radius and ulna
The bones of
free upper limb
Carpal bones
Metacarpal bones
phalanges
II. The bones of lower limb
The pelvic girdle
The femur
The patella
The bones of
free lower limb
The tibia and fibula
The tarsal bones
The metatarsal bones
The phalanges of foot
Section 4
The Skull
The skull is composed of 23 separate bones
joined at sutures. The bones of the skull may
be divided into:
The cerebral cranium
(8 in number)
The facial cranium
(15 in number)
I. The cerebral cranium includes:
One frontal bone
Two parietal bones
Two temporal bones
One occipital bone
One sphenoid bone
One ethmoid bone
II. The facial cranium
The facial bones are fifteen in number.
The palatine bones
The maxillae bones
The paired
facial bones
The zygomatic bones
The nasal bones
The lacrimal bones
The inferior
nasal conchae
The unpaired
facial bones
The vomer bone
The mandile bone
The hyoid bone
III. The Skull as a Whole
I) The superior aspect of the skull
II) The posterior aspect of the skull
III) The internal surface of the calvaria
IV) Internal surface of the base of skull
Ant. cranial fossa
Mid. cranial fossa
Post. cranial fossa
V) The external surface of the base of skull
VI) The lateral view of skull
VII) The front view of skull
orbits
bony nasal cavity
paranasal
sinuses
frontal sinus
ethmoidal sinus
sphenoidal sinus
maxillary sinus
IV. The Skull at Birth
Frontal bone
Frontal suture
Coronal suture
Anterior fontanelle
Parietal bone
Sagittal suture
Posterior fontanelle
Lambdoid suture
Occipital bone
Superior view
Parietal bone
Anterior fontanelle
Frontal bone
Anterolateral
(Sphenoidal)
fontanelle
Occipital bone
Posterolateral
(Mastoid)
fontanelle
Sphenoid bone
Temporal bone
Lateral view
The End