Chapter 12: The
Digestive System
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Chapter Objectives
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Function of the digestive system.
Digestive tract, functions of each part.
Accessory organs and their role in digestion.
Roots pertaining to the digestive system.
Major disorders of the digestive system.
Medical terms used in reference to the digestive system.
Abbreviations used in referring to the gastrointestinal system.
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Key Term
Normal Structure and Function
anus
The distal opening of the digestive tract (root: an/o)
appendix
An appendage; usually means the narrow tube of lymphatic tissue
attached to the cecum, the vermiform (wormlike) appendix
bile
The fluid secreted by the liver that emulsified fats and aids in their
absorption (roots: chol/e, bili)
cecum
A blind pouch at the beginning of the large intestine (root: cec/o)
colon
The major portion of the large intestine; extends from the cecum to
the rectum and is formed by ascending, transverse, and descending
portions (root: col/o, colon/o)
common bile duct
The duct that carries bile into the duodenum; formed by the union of
the cystic duct and the common hepatic duct (root: choledoch/o)
duodenum
The first portion of the small intestine (root: duoden/o)
enzyme
An organic catalyst; speeds the rate of chemical reactions
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Key Terms
Normal Structure and Function (cont’d)
esophagus
The muscular tube that carries food from the pharynx to the stomach.
feces
The waste material eliminated from the intestine (adjective: fecal);
stool
gallbladder
A sac on the undersurface of the liver that stores bile (root:
cholecyst/o)
hepatic portal
system
A special pathway of the circulation that brings blood directly from the
abdominal organs to the liver for processing (also called simply the
portal system). The vessel that enters the liver is the hepatic portal
vein (portal vein).
ileum
The terminal portion of the small intestine (root: ile/o)
intestine
The portion of the digestive tract between the stomach and the anus.
It consists of the small intestine and large intestine. It functions in
digestion, absorption, and elimination of waste (root: enter/o). The
bowel (BOW-el)
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Key Terms
Normal Structure and Function (cont’d)
jejunum
The middle portion of the small intestine (root: jejun/o)
lacteal
A lymphatic capillary in a villus of the small intestine. Lacteals absorb
digested fats into the lymph
large intestine
The terminal portion of the digestive tract, consisting of the cecum,
colon, rectum, and anus. It stores and eliminates undigested waste
material (feces)
liver
The large gland in the upper right part of the abdomen. In addition to
many other functions, it secretes bile needed for digestion and
absorption of fats (root: hepat/o)
lower esophageal
sphincter (LES)
Muscle tissue at the distal end of the esophagus (gastroesophageal
junction) that prevents stomach contents from refluxing into the
esophagus. Also called the cardiac sphincter
mastication
Chewing
mouth
The oral cavity; contains the tongue and teeth. Used to take in and
chew food, mix it with saliva, and move it toward the throat to be
swallowed
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Key Terms
Normal Structure and Function (cont’d)
palate
The roof of the mouth; the partition between the mouth and nasal cavity;
consists of an anterior portion formed by bone, the hard palate, and a
posterior portion formed of tissue, the soft palate (root: palat/o)
pancreas
A large, elongated gland behind the stomach. It produces hormones that
regulate sugar metabolism and also produces digestive enzymes (root:
pancreat/o)
peristalsis
Wavelike contractions of an organ's walls; moves material through an
organ or duct
pharynx
The throat; a common passageway for food entering the esophagus and
air entering the larynx (root: pharyng/o)
pylorus
The stomach's distal opening into the duodenum. The opening is
controlled by a ring of muscle, the pyloric sphincter (root: pylor/o)
rectum
The distal portion of the large intestine. It stores and eliminates
undigested waste (root: rect/o, proct/o)
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Key Terms
Normal Structure and Function (cont’d)
saliva
The clear secretion released into the mouth that moistens food and
contains a starch-digesting enzyme (root: sial/o). Saliva is produced
by three pairs of glands: the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual
glands
sigmoid colon
Distal S-shaped portion of the large intestine located between the
descending colon and the rectum
small intestine
The portion of the intestine between the stomach and the large
intestine; comprised of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. Accessory
organs secrete into the small intestine, and almost all digestion and
absorption occur there
stomach
A muscular saclike organ below the diaphragm that stores food and
secretes juices that digest proteins (root: gastr/o)
uvula
The fleshy mass that hangs from the soft palate; aids in speech
production (literally “little grape”) (root: uvul/o)
villi
Tiny projections in the lining of the small intestine that absorb digested
foods into the circulation (singular: villus)
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Key Terms
Disorders
appendicitis
Inflammation of the appendix
ascites
Accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity; a form of edema. May
be caused by heart disease, lymphatic or venous obstruction,
cirrhosis, or changes in plasma composition.
biliary colic
Acute abdominal pain caused by gallstones in the bile ducts
bilirubin
A pigment released in the breakdown of hemoglobin from red blood
cells; mainly excreted by the liver in bile
caries
Tooth decay
celiac disease
Inability to absorb foods containing gluten, a protein found in wheat
and some other grains; caused by an excess immune response to
gluten
cholecystitis
Inflammation of the gallbladder
cholelithiasis
The condition of having stones in the gallbladder; also used to refer to
stones in the common bile duct
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Key Terms
Disorders (cont’d)
cirrhosis
Chronic liver disease with degeneration of liver tissue
Crohn disease
A chronic inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract usually
involving the ileum and colon
diarrhea
The frequent passage of watery bowel movements
diverticulitis
Inflammation of diverticula (small pouches) in the wall of the
digestive tract, especially in the colon
diverticulosis
The presence of diverticula, especially in the colon
dysphagia
Difficulty in swallowing
emesis
Vomiting
fistula
An abnormal passageway between two organs or from an organ to
the body surface, such as between the rectum and anus (anorectal
fistula)
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Key Terms
Disorders (cont’d)
gastroenteritis
Inflammation of the stomach and intestine
gastroesophageal
reflux disease
(GERD)
Condition caused by reflux of gastric juices into the esophagus
resulting in heartburn, regurgitation, inflammation, and possible
damage to the esophagus; caused by weakness of the lower
esophageal sphincter (LES)
heartburn
A warm or burning sensation felt behind the sternum and radiating
upward. Commonly associated with gastroesophageal reflux. Medical
name is pyrosis (pyr/o means “heat”)
hemorrhoids
Varicose veins in the rectum associated with pain, bleeding, and
sometimes prolapse of the rectum
hepatitis
Inflammation of the liver; commonly caused by a viral infection
hepatomegaly
Enlargement of the liver
hiatal hernia
A protrusion of the stomach through the opening (hiatus) in the
diaphragm through which the esophagus passes
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Key Terms
Disorders (cont’d)
icterus
Jaundice
ileus
Intestinal obstruction. May be caused by lack of peristalsis (adynamic,
paralytic ileus) or by contraction (dynamic ileus). Intestinal matter and
gas may be relieved by insertion of a drainage tube
intussusception
Slipping of one part of the intestine into another part below it. Occurs
mainly in male infants in the ileocecal region). May be fatal if
untreated for more than 1 day
jaundice
A yellowish color of the skin, mucous membranes, and whites of the
eye caused by bile pigments in the blood (from French jaune meaning
“yellow”). The main pigment is bilirubin, a byproduct of erythrocyte
destruction
leukoplakia
White patches on mucous membranes, as on the tongue or cheeks,
often resulting from smoking or other irritants; may be precancerous
nausea
An unpleasant sensation in the upper abdomen that often precedes
vomiting. Typically occurs in digestive upset, motion sickness, and
sometimes early pregnancy
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Key Terms
Disorders (cont’d)
occult blood
Blood present in such small amounts that it can be detected only
microscopically or chemically; in the feces, a sign of intestinal bleeding
(occult means “hidden”)
pancreatitis
Inflammation of the pancreas
peptic ulcer
A lesion in the mucous membrane of the esophagus, stomach, or
duodenum caused by the action of gastric juice
peritonitis
Inflammation of the peritoneum, the membrane that lines the abdominal
cavity and covers the abdominal organs. May result from perforation of
an ulcer, rupture of the appendix, or infection of the reproductive tract,
among other causes.
polyp
A tumor that grows on a stalk and bleeds easily
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Key Terms
Disorders (cont’d)
portal hypertension
An abnormal pressure increase in the hepatic portal system. May
be caused by cirrhosis, infection, thrombosis, or tumors
pyloric stenosis
Narrowing of the opening between the stomach and the duodenum;
pylorostenosis
regurgitation
A backward flowing, such as the backflow of undigested food
splenomegaly
Enlargement of the spleen
ulcerative colitis
Chronic ulceration of the rectum and colon; the cause is unknown,
but may involve autoimmunity
volvulus
Twisting of the intestine resulting in obstruction. Usually involves
the sigmoid colon and occurs most often in children and in the
elderly. May be caused by congenital malformation, a foreign body,
or adhesion. Failure to treat immediately may result in death
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Key Terms
Diagnosis and Treatment
anastomosis
A passage or communication between two vessels or organs. May
be normal or pathologic, or may be created surgically
barium study
Use of barium sulfate as a liquid contrast medium for fluoroscopic or
radiographic study of the digestive tract. Can show obstruction,
tumors, ulcers, hiatal hernia, and motility disorders, among other
things
cholecystectomy
Surgical removal of the gallbladder
Dukes classification
A system for staging colorectal cancer based on degree of
penetration of the bowel wall and lymph node involvement; severity
is graded from A to C
endoscopy
Use of a fiberoptic endoscope for direct visual examination. GI
studies include esophagogastroduodenoscopy, proctosigmoidoscopy
(rectum and distal colon), and colonoscopy (all regions of the colon)
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Key Terms
Diagnosis and Treatment (cont’d)
ERCP
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography; a technique for
viewing the pancreatic and bile ducts and for performing certain
techniques to relieve obstructions. Contrast medium is injected
into the biliary system from the duodenum and radiographs are
taken
ostomy
An opening into the body; generally refers to an opening created
for elimination of body waste. Also refers to the operation done to
create such an opening (see stoma).
stoma
A surgically created opening to the body surface or between two
organs (literally “mouth”)
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Supplementary terms
Normal Structure and Function
bolus
A mass, such as the rounded mass of food that is swallowed
cardia
The part of the stomach near the esophagus, named for its closeness
to the heart
chyme
The semiliquid partially digested food that moves from the stomach
into the small intestine
defecation
The evacuation of feces from the rectum
deglutition
Swallowing
duodenal bulb
The part of the duodenum near the pylorus; the first bend (flexure) of
the duodenum
duodenal papilla
The raised area where the common bile duct and pancreatic duct
enter the duodenum; papilla of Vater (FA-ter)
greater omentum
A fold of the peritoneum that extends from the stomach over the
abdominal organs
hepatic flexure
The right bend of the colon, forming the junction between the
ascending colon and the transverse colon
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Supplementary Terms
Normal Structure and Function (cont’d)
ileocecal valve
A valvelike structure between the ileum of the small intestine and the
cecum of the large intestine
mesentery
The portion of the peritoneum that folds over and supports the
intestine
mesocolon
The portion of the peritoneum that folds over and supports the colon
papilla of Vater
See duodenal papilla
peritoneum
The serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and supports
the abdominal organs
rugae
The large folds in the lining of the stomach seen when the stomach
is empty
sphincter of Oddi
The ring of muscle at the opening of the common bile duct into the
duodenum
splenic flexure
The left bend of the colon, forming the junction between the
transverse colon and the descending colon
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Supplementary Terms
Disorders
achalasia
Failure of a smooth muscle to relax, especially the lower esophageal
sphincter, so that food is retained in the esophagus
achlorhydria
Lack of hydrochloric acid in the stomach; opposite is hyperchlorhydria
anorexia
Loss of appetite. Anorexia nervosa is a psychologically induced refusal
or inability to eat (adjectives: anorectic, anorexic)
aphagia
Refusal or inability to eat; inability to swallow or difficulty in swallowing
aphthous ulcer
An ulcer in a mucous membrane, as in the mouth
Barrett syndrome
Lower esophageal ulcer resulting from chronic esophagitis, often with
constriction caused by mucosal changes; may be premalignant. Also
called Barrett esophagus
bruxism
Clenching and grinding of the teeth, usually during sleep
bulimia
Excessive, insatiable appetite. A disorder characterized by overeating
followed by induced vomiting, diarrhea, or fasting
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Supplementary Terms
Disorders (cont’d)
cachexia
Profound ill health, malnutrition, and wasting
cheilosis
Cracking at the corners of the mouth, often caused by B vitamin
deficiency (root cheil/o means “lip”)
cholestasis
Stoppage of bile flow
constipation
Infrequency or difficulty in defecation and the passage of hard, dry
feces
dyspepsia
Poor or painful digestion
eructation
Belching
familial
adenomatous
polyposis (FAP)
A heredity condition in which multiple polyps form in the colon and
rectum, predisposing to colorectal cancer
flatulence
Condition of having gas or air in the GI tract
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Supplementary Terms
Disorders (cont’d)
flatus
Gas or air in the gastrointestinal tract; gas or air expelled through the
anus
hematemesis
Vomiting of blood
irritable bowel
syndrome (IBS)
A chronic stress-related disease characterized by diarrhea,
constipation, and pain associated with rhythmic contractions of the
intestine. Mucous colitis; spastic colon.
megacolon
An extremely dilated colon. Usually congenital but may occur in acute
ulcerative colitis.
melena
Black tarry feces resulting from blood in the intestines. Common in
newborns. May also be a sign of gastrointestinal bleeding.
obstipation
Extreme constipation
pernicious anemia
A form of anemia caused by the stomach’s failure to secrete intrinsic
factor, a substance needed for the absorption of vitamin B12
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Supplementary Terms
Disorders (cont’d)
pilonidal cyst
A dermal cyst in the sacral region, usually at the top of the cleft
between the buttocks. May become infected and begin to drain.
thrush
Fungal infection of the mouth and/or throat caused by Candida;
appears as mucosal white patches or ulcers
Vincent disease
Severe gingivitis with necrosis associated with the bacterium
Treponema vincentii; necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis; trench mouth
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Supplementary Terms
Diagnosis and Treatment
appendectomy
Surgical removal of the appendix
bariatrics
The branch of medicine concerned with prevention and control of
obesity and associated diseases (from Greek baros, meaning
“weight”)
Billroth operations
Gastrectomy with anastomosis of the stomach to the duodenum
(Billroth I) or to the jejunum (Billroth II)
gastric bypass
surgery
Division of the stomach and anastomosis of its upper part to the
small intestine (jejunum) to reduce nutrient absorption; used to treat
morbid obesity. Other surgical methods are used for this purpose,
including partition of the stomach with rows of staples (gastric
stapling)
gavage
Process of feeding through a nasogastric tube into the stomach
lavage
Washing out of a cavity; irrigation
manometry
Measurement of pressure; pertaining to the GI tract, measurement of
pressure in the portal system as a sign of obstruction
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Supplementary Terms
Diagnosis and Treatment (cont’d)
Murphy sign
Inability to take a deep breath when fingers are pressed firmly below
the right arch of the ribs (below the liver). Signifies gallbladder disease.
nasogastric (NG)
tube
Tube that is passed through the nose into the stomach. May be used
for emptying the stomach, administering medication, giving liquids, or
sampling stomach contents.
parenteral
hyperalimentation
Complete intravenous feeding for one who cannot take in food. Total
parenteral nutrition (TPN).
Tube inserted into the stomach for long-term feeding
percutaneous
endoscopic
gastrostomy (PEG)
tube
vagotomy
Interruption of impulses from the vagus nerve to reduce stomach
secretions in the treatment of gastric ulcer. Originally done surgically
but may also be done with drugs.
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Supplementary Terms
Drugs
antacid
Agent that counteracts acidity, usually gastric acidity
antidiarrheal
Treats or prevents diarrhea by reducing intestinal motility or
absorbing irritants and soothing the intestinal lining
antiemetic
Agent that relieves or prevents nausea and vomiting
antiflatulent
Agent that prevents or relieves flatulence
antispasmodic
Agent that relieves spasm, usually of smooth muscle
emetic
An agent that causes vomiting
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Supplementary Terms
Drugs (cont’d)
histamine H2 antagonist
Drug that decreases secretion of stomach acid by interfering with
the action of histamine at H2 receptors. Used to treat ulcers and
other gastrointestinal problems. H2-receptor-blocking agent
laxative
Promotes elimination from the large intestine. Types include
stimulants, substances that retain water (hyperosmotics), stool
softeners, and bulk-forming agents
proton-pump inhibitor
(PPI)
Agent that inhibits secretion of stomach acid by blocking the
transport of hydrogen ions (protons) into the stomach.
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Abbreviations
BE
Barium enema (for radiographic study of the colon)
BM
Bowel movement
CBD
Common bile duct
ERCP
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
FAP
Familial adenomatous polyposis
GERD
Gastroesophageal reflux disease
GI
Gastrointestinal
HAV
Hepatitis A virus
HBV
Hepatitis B virus
HCV
Hepatitis C virus
HDV
Hepatitis D virus
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Abbreviations (cont’d)
HEV
Hepatitis E virus
HCl
Hydrochloric acid
IBD
Inflammatory bowel disease
IBS
Irritable bowel syndrome
LES
Lower esophageal sphincter
NG
Nasogastric (tube)
N&V
Nausea and vomiting
N/V/D
Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea
PONV
Postoperative nausea and vomiting
PPI
Proton pump inhibitor
TPN
Total parenteral nutrition
UGI
Upper gastrointestinal (radiograph series)
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Digestion
• Prepares food for cellular intake
– Nutrients must be small enough to be absorbed
– Nutrients broken down by mechanical and chemical
means
• Occurs in digestive tract
• Food moved by peristalsis
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Digestive System
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The Mouth to the Stomach
• Digestion begins in mouth
– Mastication breaks up food
– Tongue, lips, cheek, and palate break up food and
mix in saliva
– Moistened food passed:
• Into pharynx → through esophagus →into stomach
• Churning of stomach further breaks down food by:
– Mixing with enzyme pepsin and HCl
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The Mouth
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Roots for the Mouth
Root
Meaning
Example
Definition of Example
bucc/o
cheek
buccoversion
turning toward the cheek
dent/o, dent/i
tooth, teeth
edentulous
without teeth
odont/o
tooth, teeth
periodontics
dental specialty that deals with
the study and treatment of the
tissues around the teeth
gingiv/o
gum (gingiva)
gingivectomy
excision of gum tissue
gloss/o
tongue
glossoplegia
paralysis (-plegia) of the
tongue
lingu/o
tongue
orolingual
pertaining to the mouth and
tongue
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Roots for the Mouth (cont’d)
Root
Meaning
Example
Definition of Example
gnath/o
jaw
prognathous
having a projecting jaw
labi/o
lip
labium
lip or liplike structure
or/o
mouth
circumoral
around the mouth
stoma,
stomat/o
mouth
xerostomia
dryness (xero-) of the mouth
palat/o
palate
palatine
pertaining to the palate (also
palatal)
sial/o
saliva,
salivary
gland,
salivary duct
sialogram
radiograph of the salivary glands
and ducts
uvul/o
uvula
uvulotome
instrument (-tome) for incising
the uvula
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Roots for the Digestive Tract
(Except for the Mouth)
Root
Meaning
Example
Definition of Example
esophag/o
esophagus
esophageal*
pertaining to the esophagus
gastr/o
stomach
gastroparesis
partial paralysis (paresis) of the
stomach
pylor/o
pylorus
pyloroplasty
plastic repair of the pylorus
enter/o
intestine
dysentery
infectious disease of the intestine
duoden/o
duodenum
duodenostomy
surgical creation of an opening into
the duodenum
* Note addition of e before –al.
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Roots for the Digestive Tract
(Except for the Mouth)
Root
Meaning
Example
Definition of Example
jejun/o
jejunum
jejunectomy
excision of the jejunum
ile/o
ileum
ileitis
inflammation of the ileum
cec/o
cecum
cecoptosis
downward displacement of the
cecum
col/o,
colon/o
colon
coloclysis
irrigation (-clysis) of the colon
sigmoid/o
sigmoid
colon
sigmoidoscope
an endoscope for examining the
sigmoid colon
rect/o
rectum
rectocele
hernia of the rectum
proct/o
rectum
proctopexy
surgical fixation of the rectum
an/o
anus
perianal
around the anus
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The Small Intestine
• Partially digested food passes through pylorus into
duodenum
• Digestion completed after passing through other parts of
small intestine (jejunum and ileum)
• Digested nutrients absorbed into circulation
– Aided by villi
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The Large Intestine
• Undigested food, water, digestive juices
• Begins with cecum
• Colon twists and turns:
–
Ascending colon
–
Transverse colon
–
Descending colon
• Water reabsorbed, feces formed
• Waste material passes into sigmoid colon
• Waste stored in rectum; eliminated through anus
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Accessory Organs
• Salivary glands
– Secretes enzyme that begins digestion of starch
• Liver
– Secretes bile to break down fats
• Gallbladder
– Bile stored here until needed
• Pancreas
– Produces mixture of digestive enzymes
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Accessory Organs
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Roots for the Accessory Organs
Root
Meaning
Example
Definition of Example
hepat/o
liver
hepatocyte
a liver cell
bili
bile
biliary
pertaining to the bile or bile
ducts
chol/e, chol/o
bile, gall
cholestasis
stoppage of bile flow
cholecyst/o
gallbladder
cholecystogram
radiograph of the gallbladder
cholangi/o
bile duct
cholangioma
cancer of the bile ducts
choledoch/o
common bile
duct
choledochal
pertaining to the common
bile duct
pancreat/o
pancreas
pancreatotropic
acting on the pancreas
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Clinical Aspects of the Digestive System
• Infection
– Can be caused by variety of organisms
• Ulcers
– Lesion of skin or mucous membrane
– Marked by inflammation or tissue damage
– Can be diagnosed by:
• Endoscopy
• Barium study (Radiography with
contrast medium)
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Cancer
• Colon and rectum most likely affected area
• Risk factors:
– Diet low in fiber, high in fat
– Heredity
– Chronic inflammation of colon (colitis)
• Polyps often become cancerous
• Symptom: bleeding into intestine
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Cancer (cont’d)
• Internal observations performed with endoscopes
• Treatment may require surgical removal of portion of GI
tract
– May create a stoma for waste elimination
– Surgery is called –ostomy, with root named for
involved organ (e.g. colostomy)
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Obstructions
• Hernia
– Protrusion of organ through abnormal opening
• Pyloric stenosis
– Opening between stomach and small intestine too
narrow
• Intussusception
– Slipping of part of intestine into part below
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Obstructions (cont’d)
• Volvulus
– Intestinal twisting
• Ileus
– Intestinal obstruction caused by lack of peristalsis
• Hemorrhoids
– Varicose veins in the rectum
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Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
• Reflux of gastric juices caused by weakness at
gastroesophageal junction
• Heartburn likely to occur after meals, when lying down,
with hiatal hernia, and pregnancy
• Treatment:
–
Weight loss
–
Elevate head
–
Avoidance of irritating foods
–
Drugs
–
Surgery
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Inflammatory Intestinal Disease
• Crohn disease
– Chronic inflammation of intestinal wall segments,
usually ileum
– May causes, pain, diarrhea, abscess, formation of
fistula
• Ulcerative colitis
– Continuous inflammation of colon lining, usually
rectum
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Inflammatory Intestinal Disease (cont’d)
• Celiac disease
– Inability to absorb gluten
• Diverticulitis
– Many small pouches in wall of intestine
– Attributed to diet low in fiber
– If pouches collect waste and bacteria, leads to
diverticulitis
– Treated with diet improvement, stool softeners,
drugs to reduce motility
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Hepatitis
• Inflammation of the liver
• More than six types of viral infections
– Hepatitis A
• Spread by fecal-oral contamination
– Hepatitis B
• Spread by blood and other body fluids
– Hepatitis C
• Spread through blood or close contact to infected
person
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Hepatitis (cont’d)
– Hepatitis D
• Highly pathogenic, only affects those with
Hepatitis B
– Hepatitis E
• Spread by contaminated food and water
– Hepatitis G
• Spread through contact with blood of infected
person
– Vaccines available for Hepatitis A and B
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Cirrhosis
• Chronic liver disease mainly caused by excess
consumption of alcohol
• Characterized by:
–
Hepatomegaly
–
Edema
–
Ascites
–
Jaundice
• As it progresses:
–
Splenomegaly
–
Internal bleeding
–
Brain damage
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Gallstones
• Cholecystitis
– Inflammation of gallbladder
• Cholelithiasis
– Presence of stones in gallbladder
– Usually associated with cholecystitis
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Gallstones (cont’d)
• Diagnosed by:
– Ultrasonography
– Radiography
– Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
• Treatment may involve:
– Drugs to dissolve stones
– Cholecystectomy
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Pancreatitis
• Inflammation of pancreas
• May result from:
–
Alcohol abuse
–
Drug toxicity
–
Bile obstruction
–
Infections
–
Other causes
• Disease often subsides with only treatment of symptoms
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Pretest
1. An organic catalyst is a(n):
(a) sugar
(b) nucleic acid
(c) saliva
(d) enzyme
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Pretest
1. An organic catalyst is a(n):
(a) sugar
(b) nucleic acid
(c) saliva
(d) enzyme
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Pretest
2. The organ that carries food from the pharynx to the
stomach is the:
(a) trachea
(b) larynx
(c) esophagus
(d) intestine
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Pretest
2. The organ that carries food from the pharynx to the
stomach is the:
(a) trachea
(b) larynx
(c) esophagus
(d) intestine
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Pretest
3. The word root for the stomach is:
(a) gastr/o
(b) hepat/o
(c) ren/o
(d) cardi/o
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Pretest
3. The word root for the stomach is:
(a) gastr/o
(b) hepat/o
(c) ren/o
(d) cardi/o
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Pretest
4. The main portion of the large intestine is the:
(a) stomach
(b) appendix
(c) colon
(d) rectum
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Pretest
4. The main portion of the large intestine is the:
(a) stomach
(b) appendix
(c) colon
(d) rectum
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Pretest
5. The word root enter/o refers to the:
(a) intestine
(b) heart
(c) kidney
(d) gallbladder
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Pretest
5. The word root enter/o refers to the:
(a) intestine
(b) heart
(c) kidney
(d) gallbladder
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Pretest
6. The wavelike action that moves substances through an
organ is called:
(a) pulmonary
(b) peristalsis
(c) parotid
(d) mastication
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Pretest
6. The wavelike action that moves substances through an
organ is called:
(a) pulmonary
(b) peristalsis
(c) parotid
(d) mastication
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Pretest
7. The process of moving digested nutrients from the
intestine into the circulation is called:
(a) digestion
(b) egestion
(c) absorption
(d) lymphedema
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Pretest
7. The process of moving digested nutrients from the
intestine into the circulation is called:
(a) digestion
(b) egestion
(c) absorption
(d) lymphedema
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Pretest
8. The organ that secretes bile is the:
(a) kidney
(b) spleen
(c) liver
(d) stomach
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Pretest
8. The organ that secretes bile is the:
(a) kidney
(b) spleen
(c) liver
(d) stomach
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Pretest
9. Cholecystitis is inflammation of the:
(a) gallbladder
(b) throat
(c) diaphragm
(d) small intestine
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Pretest
9. Cholecystitis is inflammation of the:
(a) gallbladder
(b) throat
(c) diaphragm
(d) small intestine
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins