EVOLUTION OF OROGENIC PLATEAUS
AT SUBDUCTION MARGINS
SINKING AND RAISING THE SOUTHERN
MARGIN OF THE CENTRAL ANATOLIAN PLATEAU
DAVID FERNÁNDEZ BLANCO
VRIJE UNIVERSITEIT
Evolution of Orogenic Plateaus
at Subduction Zones
Sinking and raising the southern margin
of the Central Anatolian Plateau
ACADEMISCH PROEFSCHRIFT
ter verkrijging van de graad Doctor aan
de Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam,
op gezag van de rector magnificus
prof.dr. F.A. van der Duyn Schouten,
in het openbaar te verdedigen
ten overstaan van de promotiecommissie
van de Faculteit der Aard- en Levenswetenschappen
op maandag 8 december 2014 om 13.45 uur
in de aula van de universiteit,
De Boelelaan 1105
door
David Fern´
andez-Blanco
geboren te Madrid, Spanje
promotoren:
copromotor:
prof.dr. G.V. Bertotti
prof.dr. S.A.P.L. Cloetingh
prof.dr. T.A. C
¸ iner
The research presented in this thesis was conducted at the:
VU University Amsterdam
Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences
Department of Tectonics and Structural Geology
De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV Amsterdam
The Netherlands
in the frame of:
Vertical Anatolian Movements Project (VAMP) and
TOPO-EUROPE
and funded by:
Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) and
European Science Foundation (ESF)
Reading committee:
Dr. Bernd Andeweg
Dr. Liviu Mat¸enco
Prof. Dr. Fran¸cois Roure
Prof. Dr. Sean Willett
Front cover picture: Incised valley in subhorizonal Miocene rocks overlaying basement
(4074287.38N, 384525.33E - facing NW), in the northeastern margin of the Manavgat Basin.
Back cover picture: Heart on rocks (Erdemli valley, Mut Basin).
Back cover letters: Wordle™ wordcloud with content of this Thesis.
ISBN: 978-90-9028673-0
©
Copyright 2014, David Fern´andez-Blanco
Title: Evolution of Orogenic Plateau at Subduction Zones: Sinking and raising in
the southern margin of the Central Anatolian Plateau.
Translated title (Dutch): De evolutie van gebergteplateaus nabij subductiezones: de
neer- en op- beweging van het zuidelijke rand van het Centraal Anatolisch Plateau.
Typeset in LATEX 2ε
Printed by HiFer Artes Gr´
aficas
A mi madre
Contents
Abstract
xv
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Ozet
xvii
Resumen
xix
Samenvatting
xxi
1 Introduction
1
1.1
Scope
1.1.1
1.1.2
1.1.3
1.1.4
of the Thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Models of orogenic plateaus . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Generalities of orogenic plateaus . . . . . . . . . . .
Central Anatolian Orogenic Plateau - Geologic setup
Aims of the Thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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1.2
Tectonic setting of Turkey . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.1 Tectonic plates arrangement and motions
1.2.2 Tectonic slabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.3 Temporal evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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1.3
Structure of the Thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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2 Methodology
17
2.1
Reflection seismics . . . . . . . . .
2.1.1 Analysis and interpretation
2.1.2 Seismic facies . . . . . . . .
2.1.3 Time−to−depth conversion
2.1.4 Seismic−to−well tie . . . .
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2.2
Analysis of tectonic motions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.1 Subsidence curves - Downgoing vertical motions . . . . . . .
2.2.2 Palinspastic cross-sections - Horizontal motions . . . . . . . .
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2.3
Fieldwork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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2.4
Thermo-mechanical finite element modelling
2.4.1 Model formulation . . . . . . . . . .
2.4.2 Boundary conditions . . . . . . . . .
2.4.3 Relevant subroutines . . . . . . . . .
2.4.4 Model design and parametrization .
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of accretion
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iv
Contents
3 Central Domain of the Central Anatolian Plateau
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2 Study area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3 Data and methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3.1 Seismic facies and units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3.2 Seismic−to−well tie and time−to−depth conversion
3.4 The seismic lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4.1 The NE−SW-trending seismic sections . . . . . . . .
3.4.2 The NNW−SSE-trending seismic sections . . . . . .
3.5 3D architecture of the Tuz G¨
ol¨
u Basin . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5.1 The composite section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5.2 The structural map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5.3 The isochore maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.6 Tectonic motions in the Tuz G¨
ol¨
u Basin . . . . . . . . . . .
3.6.1 Vertical movements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.6.2 Horizontal movements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.6.3 Comparison of tectonic motions . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.7 Evolution of the Tuz G¨
ol¨
u area: A 3D model . . . . . . . .
3.7.1 Late Palæogene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.7.2 Late Tortonian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.7.3 Late Messinian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.7.4 Present . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.8 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.8.1 Extent of the Tuz G¨
ol¨
u Basin . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.8.2 Miocene kinematics in the Tuz G¨
ol¨
u Basin . . . . .
3.8.3 Tectonics of the Tuz G¨
ol¨
u Basin . . . . . . . . . . .
3.9 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4 South Domain of the Central Anatolian Plateau
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2 Geologic setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.1 The Miocene Mediterranean basin . . . . . . .
4.2.2 The latest Miocene to recent fragmented basins
4.2.3 Stratigraphic correlation . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3 Present-day architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3.1 The map view . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3.2 The cross-sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3.3 Structural map of the study area . . . . . . . .
4.4 Large scale basin basement - infill observations . . . .
4.5 Active structures and stress field during the motions .
4.5.1 Manavgat Basin structures and palæostresses .
4.5.2 Mut Basin structures and palæostresses . . . .
4.6 Subsidence curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.7 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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v
Contents
4.7.1
4.7.2
4.7.3
4.8
Palæotopography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tectonic regime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Neogene evolutionary model of the marginal basins in south
Turkey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.7.4 Possible causes behind the vertical motions . . . . . . . . . .
Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
94
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5 South Offshore Domain of the
Central Anatolian Plateau
101
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
5.2 Background and setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
5.2.1 Offshore domain: Outer Cilicia Basin . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
5.2.2 Onshore domains bounding the Outer Cilicia Basin . . . . . . 108
5.3 Reflection seismic data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
5.3.1 Seismic facies, seismic ties, and onland correlations . . . . . . 110
5.3.2 Seismic line A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
5.3.3 Seismic line B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
5.3.4 Seismic line C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
5.4 Structural domains in the Outer Cilicia Basin . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
5.4.1 Northern domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
5.4.2 Southern domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
5.5 Regional structures and tectonic evolution of the Outer Cilicia Basin 120
5.6 Linking the Mut and the Cilicia basins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
5.6.1 Mut-Cilicia geologic onshore-offshore section . . . . . . . . . 124
5.6.2 Tectonic regime and displacements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
5.7 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
5.7.1 The Central Cyprus Arc and its forearc basin system . . . . . 128
5.7.2 Uplift in the southern margin of the Central Anatolian Plateau 130
5.8 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
6 2D thermo-mecanical finite element models of
accretion in the Central Cyprus margin
6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.1.1 Morphotectonic features in accretionary margins .
6.2 From the Cyprus trench to the Central Anatolian Plateau
6.3 Modeling accretion in the Central Cyprus margin . . . . .
6.3.1 Model design and parameterization . . . . . . . . .
6.3.2 Model strategy and representation of results . . . .
6.4 Model Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.4.1 Standard model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.4.2 Suite one - sedimentation rate variations . . . . . .
6.4.3 Suite two - viscosity parameters . . . . . . . . . . .
6.5 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.5.1 A new view at uplift in South Turkey . . . . . . .
6.5.2 A new view at forearc highs . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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133
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156
vi
Contents
6.6
6.5.3 A new view at vertical motions in forearc regions . . . . . . . 157
Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
7 Synthesis & conclusion
7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.2 Upper crust transect of the southern Anatolian Plate
7.2.1 Infill relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.2.2 Type of regional-scale structures . . . . . . .
7.2.3 Age of deformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.3 The lithospheric structure of the Central Cyprus Arc
7.4 Neogene evolution of central south Anatolian Plate .
7.4.1 Pre-Miocene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.4.2 Late Aquitanian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.4.3 Late Burdigalian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.4.4 Late Serravalian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.4.5 Late Tortonian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.4.6 Messinian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.4.7 Early Pliocene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.5 Sinking and raising the southern margin
of the Central Anatolian Plateau . . . . . . . . . . .
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Acknowledgments
183
A Raw seismic lines
189
B Field data
201
C List of acronyms
204
D About the author
206
Bibliography
208
List of Figures
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
Models of orogenic plateaus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Conceptualization of orogenic plateaus . . . . . . . . . . .
Vertical Anatolian Movement Project (VAMP) study area
Crust and lithosphere in the Central Anatolian Plateau .
Miocene marine basins relevant to this Thesis . . . . . . .
Simplified tectonic map of the eastern Mediterranean Sea
African slab under Anatolia as inferred from tomography
Maps of palæoterrains and regional structures . . . . . . .
Study areas and chapters of this Thesis . . . . . . . . . .
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15
2.1
2.2
2.3
Block diagrams and equal-area plots of Anderson’s theory . . . . . .
End-members of basin floor−basin infill relationships . . . . . . . . .
Thermo-mechanical model set-up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
3.10
3.11
3.12
3.13
3.14
3.15
3.16
3.17
3.18
3.19
3.20
Palæoterrains map of Turkey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tuz G¨ol¨
u Basin geologic and data location map . . . . . . . . .
TG6 well data and inteval velocities used for depth conversion .
Seismic facies in Tuz G¨
ol¨
u Basin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Northern NE−SW oriented lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Center NE−SW oriented lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Southern NE−SW oriented line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Eastern NNW−SSE oriented line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Western NNW−SSE oriented line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
NE−SW composite cross-section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
New structural map for the Tuz G¨
ol¨
u Basin . . . . . . . . . . .
Isochore maps for Messinian and Tortonian . . . . . . . . . . .
Backstripped subsidence curve plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Scenarios of subsidence curves varying initial palæoelevation . .
Equal-area restoration of the depth-converted Line A . . . . . .
Comparison of vertical vs. horizontal motions . . . . . . . . . .
3D model for the Palæogene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3D model for the Tortonian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3D model for the Messinian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3D model for Present times . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
Tectonic setting in and around the plateau margin basins
Regional stratigraphic correlation of infill units . . . . . .
Geologic map of the plateau margin basins . . . . . . . .
Data location map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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x
List of Figures
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.10
4.11
4.12
4.13
4.14
4.15
4.16
4.17
4.18
4.19
4.20
4.21
4.22
Geologic cross-section in Manavgat Basin . . . . . . . . . . .
North-South cross-sections in Mut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
East-West cross-sections in Mut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Zoomed-in views of the N-S cross sections in Mut . . . . . . .
Structural map of the plateau margin basins . . . . . . . . . .
Outcrop 1. Basin floor erosive surface . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Outcrops 2a, 2b and 2c. Basement-Infill contact relationships
Outcrop 3. Near basement infill rocks at high angles . . . . .
Outcrop 4. Syntectonic wedge in Manavgat Basin . . . . . . .
Outcrop 5. Extensional conjugate set in Manavgat Basin . .
Outcrop 6. Extensional faults in Manavgat Basin . . . . . . .
Outcrop 7. Strike-slip slikenslides in the Manavgat Basin . .
Outcrop 8. Large offset faults in Ermenek Basin . . . . . . .
Blind thrust hypothesis in Mut Basin . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Outcrop 9. Reverse faults in Mut Basin . . . . . . . . . . . .
Outcrop 10. Strike-slip and reverse faults in Mut Basin . . .
Outcrop 11. Pure strike-slip faults in Mut Basin . . . . . . .
Subsidence curves of Manavgat and Mut basins . . . . . . . .
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77
78
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84
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93
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
5.10
5.11
5.12
105
106
107
107
109
110
111
113
115
116
119
5.16
5.17
5.18
5.19
5.20
Location map showing the study area and surroundings . . . . . . .
Stratigraphic correlation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Schematic cross-section of depositional environment . . . . . . . . .
Schematic 2D representation of vertical motions . . . . . . . . . . . .
Different components in and around the study area . . . . . . . . . .
Seismic lines location in the Outer Cilicia Basin . . . . . . . . . . . .
Seismic facies in the Outer Cilicia Basin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Seismic line A (east) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Seismic line B (center) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Seismic line C (west) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Main features of the seismic lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Seismic reflections and conceptual evolution in the north of the Outer
Cilicia Basin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Seismic reflections and conceptual evolution in the center of the Outer
Cilicia Basin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Image of the thrust in the Central Outer Cilicia Basin . . . . . . . .
Seismic reflections and conceptual evolution in the south of the Outer
Cilicia Basin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Onland-offland transect in SE Turkey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cross sections in SE Turkey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Thrusts in mid-Miocene outcrop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Onshore and offshore link of Late Miocene rocks . . . . . . . . . . .
Schematic representation of the Cyprus forearc basin system . . . .
123
125
126
127
128
129
6.1
6.2
6.2
6.3
Terminology of accretionary margins with forearc highs
Central Cyprus geologic and geophysical transect (I) . .
Central Cyprus geologic and geophysical transect (II) .
Model setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
137
140
141
143
5.13
5.14
5.15
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121
122
122
xi
List of Figures
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
6.9
6.9
6.10
Simple representation of the forearc basin system evolution . .
Mechanical model evolution in time steps . . . . . . . . . . . .
Forearc high development with changes in sedimentation rates .
Line trace of models with changes in sedimentation rates . . . .
Forearc evolution with changes in sedimentation rate . . . . . .
Forearc evolution with changes in viscosity parameter Aµ . . . .
Forearc evolution with changes in viscosity parameter nµ . . . .
Forearc evolution with changes in viscosity parameter Q. . . . .
Conceptual evolution of the Central Cyprus Arc . . . . . . . .
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145
147
149
151
151
153
153
154
156
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9
7.10
7.11
Location of data presented in this chapter . . . . . . . . . . .
Upper crustal transect of South Turkey and Cyprus . . . . .
Lithospheric-scale section from Levantine to Central Anatolia
Regional source-to-sink approach – Contributions . . . . . . .
Central Turkey to Central Cyprus: Late Aquitanian . . . . .
Central Turkey to Central Cyprus: Late Burdigalian . . . . .
Central Turkey to Central Cyprus: Late Serravalian . . . . .
Central Turkey to Central Cyprus: Late Tortonian . . . . . .
Central Turkey to Central Cyprus: Basal Pliocene . . . . . .
Central Turkey to Central Cyprus: Present-Day . . . . . . . .
Central Turkey to Central Cyprus: 2D upper crust evolution
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165
166
169
170
172
173
175
176
177
178
179
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190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
A.1 Line
A.2 Line
A.3 Line
A.4 Line
A.5 Line
A.6 Line
A.7 Line
A.8 Line
A.9 Line
A.10 Line
A of the Tuz G¨
ol¨
u Basin . .
B of the Tuz G¨
ol¨
u Basin . .
C of the Tuz G¨
ol¨
u Basin . .
D of the Tuz G¨
ol¨
u Basin . .
E of the Tuz G¨
ol¨
u Basin . .
F of the Tuz G¨
ol¨
u Basin . .
G of the Tuz G¨
ol¨
u Basin . .
A of the Outer Cilicia Basin
B of the Outer Cilicia Basin
C of the Outer Cilicia Basin
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List of Tables
2.1
Standard porosity-depth relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
3.1
3.2
Compacted thicknesses used for the subsidence curves . . . . . . . .
Horizontal displacements and strain from the restoration . . . . . . .
52
56
6.1
6.2
6.3
Principal parameter values of the standard model . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Sedimentation rate parameterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Viscosity parameterization: Aµ , nµ and Q. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
B.1 Field data - Relevant outcrops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
B.2 Field data - Bedding in Manavgat Basin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
B.3 Field data - Bedding in Ermenek-Mut Basin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
xiii
Abstract
Orogenic plateaus have raised abundant attention amongst geoscientists during the
last decades, offering unique opportunities to better understand the relationships
between tectonics and climate, and their expression on the Earth’s surface.
Orogenic plateau margins are key areas for understanding the mechanisms behind
plateau (de)formation. Plateau margins are transitional areas between domains
with contrasting relief and characteristics; the roughly flat elevated plateau
interior, often with internally drained endorheic basins, and the external steep
areas, deeply incised by high-discharge rivers. This thesis uses a wide range of
structural and tectonic approaches to investigate the evolution of the southern
margin of the Central Anatolian Plateau (CAP), studying an area between the
plateau interior and the Cyprus arc. Several findings are presented here that
constrain the evolution, timing and possible causes behind the development of this
area, and thus that of the CAP. After peneplanation of the regional orogeny, a
broad regional subsidence took place in Miocene times in the absence of major
extensional faults, which led to the formation of a large basin in the northeast
Mediterranean. Late Tortonian and younger contractional structures developed in
the interior of the plateau, in its margin and offshore, and forced the inversion
tectonics that fragmented the early Miocene basin into the different present-day
domains. The tectonic evolution of the southern margin of the CAP can be
explained based on the initiation of subduction in south Cyprus and subsequent
thermo-mechanical behavior of this subduction zone and the evolving rheology of
the Anatolian plate. The Cyprus slab retreat and posterior pull drove subsidence
first by relatively minor stretching of the crust and then by its flexure. The growth
by accretion and thickening of the upper plate, and that of the associated forearc
basins system, caused by accreting sediments, led to rheological changes at the
base of the crust that allowed thermal weakening, viscous deformation, driving
subsequent surface uplift and raising the modern Taurus Mountains. This
mechanism could be responsible for the uplifted plateau-like areas seen in other
accretionary margins.
xv
¨
Ozet
Orojenik platoların olu¸sum/deformasyon s¨
ure¸cleri, tektonizma ve iklim ile olan
ili¸skilerinin nedenleri ve yery¨
uz¨
undeki varolu¸s bi¸cimleri yeni tekniklerle son on yıl
i¸cerisinde yerbilimciler arasında gittik¸ce artan bir ilgi ile sorgulanmaktadır.
Orojenik plato sınırları bu mekanizmanın anla¸sılmasında anahtar rol oynamakta
olup, topo˘grafik olarak y¨
ukselerek nispeten a¸sınmı¸s ve d¨
uzlenmi¸s y¨
uzeylerden ve
kapalı havzalardan olu¸san i¸c b¨olgeler ile plato sınırlarındaki y¨
uksek b¨olgelerin
debisi y¨
uksek akarsular tarafından a¸sındırıldı˘gı plato kenarları arasındaki ge¸ci¸s
ku¸sa˘gını olu¸sturmaları bakımından tipiktirler. Bu tez kapsamında c¸e¸sitli yapısal ve
tektonik y¨ontemler aracılı˘
gı ile Orta Anadolu Platosu’nun (OAP) orta
kesimlerinden Kıbrıs yayına kadar olan g¨
uney kesimi incelenmi¸s ve OAP’nun g¨
uney
kenarının evrimi ara¸stırılmı¸stır. Bu tez, ¸calı¸sma alanının ve dolayısı ile OAP’nin
geli¸simi, zamanlaması ve olu¸sum nedenleri hakkında ¨onemli sonu¸clar sunmaktadır.
Buna g¨ore b¨olgesel orojenezi takip eden a¸sınma sonrası Miyosen’de, ana geni¸slemeli
rejim faylarının bulunmadı˘
gı b¨olgesel bir s¨
ubsidans meydana gelmi¸stir. Ge¸c
Tortoniyen ve sonrasında geli¸sen daralma platonun i¸c kesimleri, sınırı ve a¸cık
denizel alanlarda sıkı¸sma yapılarının geli¸smesine ve erken Miyosen havzasının
¸ce¸sitli alt birimlerine ayrılmasına neden olmu¸stur. OAP’nin g¨
uney kesiminin
tektonik evrimi Kıbrıs dalma batma-batma zonunun termo-mekanik davranı¸sı ve
Anadolu levhasının geli¸sen reolojisi ile a¸cıklanabilir. Kıbrıs levhasının gerilmesi ve
¨ levhanın ve ilgili
daha sonra kıvrımlanması sonucu ¸c¨okme meydana gelmi¸stir. Ust
¨on¨
ulke havza sisteminin biriken sedimanlar nedeni ile b¨
uy¨
umesi ve kalınla¸sması
kabu˘gun tabanında reolojik de˘
gi¸simlere sebep olmu¸s ve bunun neden oldu˘
gu termal
zayıflama ve viskoz deformasyon Toros Da˘
gları’nın y¨
ukselimi ile sonu¸clanmı¸stır. Bu
y¨
ukselim mekanizması y¨
ukselmi¸s plato g¨or¨
un¨
uml¨
u di˘
ger yı˘gı¸sım kenarları i¸cin de
ge¸cerli bir mekanizma olabilir.
xvii
Resumen
La (de)formaci´on de los plateaux orog´enicos ha sido bastante estudiada por
ge´
ologos y otros cient´ıficos durante las u
´ltimas d´ecadas, ya que ofrece
oportunidades u
´nicas para entender mejor las relaciones entre la tect´onica y el
clima, y su expresion en la superficie terrestre. Los m´argenes de los plateaux
orog´enicos son a´reas clave para entender los mecanismos responsables de la
(de)formaci´on del plateau, ya que son zonas de transici´
on entre dominios con
caracter´ısticas y relieve contrastados; el interior del plateau, elevado, plano y
habitualmente surcado por cuencas endor´eicas de drenaje interno; y las zonas
escarpadas externas, profusamente incididas por r´ıos de alta descarga. Esta tesis
utiliza una amplia variedad de t´ecnicas tect´
onicas y estructurales para investigar la
evoluci´on del margen sur del Plateau de Anatolia Central (CAP), estudiando un
´area entre el interior del plateau y el arco de Chipre. Esta tesis presenta varios
hallazgos que acotan la evoluci´on, los tiempos y las posibles causas del desarrollo
de dicho m´argen y, por tanto, del CAP en s´ı mismo. Despu´es de la peneplanaci´on
de la orogenia regional, tuvo lugar una amplia subsidencia regional en ausencia de
grandes fallas extensionales, lo que permiti´
o la formaci´on de una cuenca mioc´enica
en el noreste del Mediterr´aneo. Desde el Tortoniense tard´ıo en adelante, el
desarroll´
o de estructuras contraccionales tanto en el interior del plateau como en su
margen y m´as all´
a de la costa, forz´
o la tect´
onica de inversi´on que fragment´o la
cuenca mioc´enica en los dominios que vemos hoy en d´ıa. La evoluci´on tect´onica del
margen sur del CAP puede ser explicada por la iniciaci´on de la subducci´on al sur
the Chipre y el consiguiente comportamiento termo-mec´anico de esta zona de
subducci´on y la evoluci´on reol´
ogica de la placa de Anatolia. La relocalizaci´on de la
placa oce´
anica al sur de Chipre llev´o primero al estiramiento y despu´es a la flexi´
on
corticales. El crecimiento y engrosamiento de la placa superior y del sistema de
cuencas de antearco asociadas, causados por accreci´on sedimentaria, llevaron a
cambios en la reolog´ıa de la base de la corteza que permitieron el debilitamiento
t´ermico, la deformaci´on viscosa y el subsiguiente levantamiento superficial, creando
los actuales Montes Taurus. Dicho mecanismo podr´ıa ser responsable de las ´areas
de superficie levantada tipo plateau en otros m´argenes acrecionales.
xix
Samenvatting
Gedurende de laatste decennia kregen gebergteplateaus overvloedige aandacht van
aardwetenschappers. De gebergteplateaus bieden een unieke mogelijkheid de
interacties tussen tektoniek en klimaat te onderzoeken en te begrijpen wat hiervan
de expressie is aan het aardoppervlak. Daartoe zijn de randen van de plateaus
sleutelgebieden om aansturende mechanismen voor de (de)formatie van deze
hoogvlaktes te begrijpen. Plateauranden zijn de transitiegebieden tussen domeinen
met contrasterende karakteristieken en reli¨ef, namelijk, het vlakke, verhoogde
interieur van het plateau, vaak met endore¨ısche bekkens, en de steile randen die
een plateau begrenzen en die diep ingesneden zijn door rivieren met een hoge
afvoer. In deze dissertatie wordt een breed spectrum aan structurele en tektonische
methodes gebruikt om de ontwikkeling te onderzoeken van de zuidelijke rand van
het Centraal Anatolisch Plateau (CAP) en van het interieur van het plateau tot
aan de Cyprus boog. Verschillende bevindingen worden in deze dissertatie
gepresenteerd aangaande de evolutie en timing van en mogelijke oorzaken voor de
vorming van het plateau. In het gebied vormde zich tijdens het Paleogeen door
regionale orogenese en erosie een schiervlakte. Gedurende het Mioceen vond
grootschalige, regionale bodemdaling plaats zonder grote extensie breuken. Deze
bodemdaling leidde tot de vorming van een Mioceen bekken in het noordoosten van
het Middellandse Zeegebied. Door verkorting in het Laat Tortoon zijn vervolgens
verkortingsbreuken ontstaan in het interieur van het plateau, aan de rand en
off-shore. Deze verkorting leidde tot een tektonische inversie waarbij het Miocene
bekken werd opgesplitst in de huidige domeinen. De geschetste tektonische
ontwikkeling van de zuidelijke rand van het CAP kan worden verklaard door de
initiatie en het opeenvolgende thermisch-mechanisch gedrag van de subductie zone
in zuid Cyprus, en door het rheologische gedrag van de bovenliggende Anatolische
plaat. De regionale bodemdaling in de bovenliggende plaat werd veroorzaakt door
extensie en flexuur als gevolg van het terugrollen en de neerwaartse beweging van
de subducerende plaat. De opvolgende groei, accretie en verdikking van de
bovenplaat, en het bijbehorende forearc bekken, heeft geleidt tot rheologische
veranderingen aan de onderkant van de korst. Dit leidde tot thermische
verzwakking en visceuze deformatie van de Anatolische plaat met opheffing en het
onstaan van het huidige Taurus Gebergte tot gevolg. Dit mechanisme zou ook
kunnen worden toegepast op vergelijkbare plateaus in andere accretieranden.
xxi