From: Understanding Earth
(Grotzinger & Jordan 2010)
From: Understanding Earth
(Grotzinger & Jordan 2010)
From: Understanding Earth
(Grotzinger & Jordan 2010)
THE IRON CATASTROPHE
From: Understanding Earth
(Grotzinger & Jordan 2010)
The important thing they forgot to mention is that the sinking of the iron released great
amounts of potential energy which melted the entire earth, and that allowed the
differentiation to take place.
COMPARISON OF VENUS’, EARTH’S, AND MARS’ TOPOGRAPHY
From: Understanding Earth
(Grotzinger & Jordan 2010)
Known, large meteorite impact craters
From: Understanding Earth
(Grotzinger & Jordan 2010)
From: Understanding Earth
(Grotzinger & Jordan 2010)
From: Understanding Earth
(Grotzinger & Jordan 2010)
From: Understanding Earth
(Grotzinger & Jordan 2010)
From: Understanding Earth
(Grotzinger & Jordan 2010)
From: Understanding Earth
(Grotzinger & Jordan 2010)
From: Understanding Earth
(Grotzinger & Jordan 2010)
From: Understanding Earth
(Grotzinger & Jordan 2010)
From: Understanding Earth
(Grotzinger & Jordan 2010)
From: Understanding Earth
(Grotzinger & Jordan 2010)
From: Understanding Earth
(Grotzinger & Jordan 2010)
From: Understanding Earth
(Grotzinger & Jordan 2010)
From: Understanding Earth
(Grotzinger & Jordan 2010)
From: Understanding Earth
(Grotzinger & Jordan 2010)
From: Understanding Earth
(Grotzinger & Jordan 2010)
From: Understanding Earth
(Grotzinger & Jordan 2010)
From: Understanding Earth
(Grotzinger & Jordan 2010)
From: Understanding Earth
(Grotzinger & Jordan 2010)
Mid-Cambrian (510 Ma): After the breakup of Rodinia, Laurentia straddled the
equator. Its southern side was a passive continental margin, bounded on the south
by the Iapetus Ocean.
From: Understanding Earth
(Grotzinger & Jordan 2010)
From: Understanding Earth
(Grotzinger & Jordan 2010)
Late Ordovician (450 Ma): The island arc built up by the southward-directed
subduction of Iapetus lithosphere collided with Laurentia in the mid- to lateOrdovician, causing the Taconic orogeny.
Early Devonian (400 Ma): The collision of Laurentia with Baltica caused the
Caledonian orogeny and formed Laurussia. The southward continuation of the
Convergence caused the Acadian orogeny.
From: Understanding Earth
(Grotzinger & Jordan 2010)
Early Carboniferous (340 Ma): The collision of Gondwana with Laurussia began
With the Variscan orogeny in what is now central Europe.
From: Understanding Earth
(Grotzinger & Jordan 2010)
Late Carboniferous (300 Ma): Continued collision of Gondwana and Laurasia
along the margin of the N. American craton, causing the Apalacian orogeny.
At the same time, Siberia converged with Laurussia in the Ural Orogeny to form
Laurasia, while the Hercynian orogeny created new mountain belts across
Europe and N. Africa.
From: Understanding Earth
(Grotzinger & Jordan 2010)
From: Understanding Earth
(Grotzinger & Jordan 2010)
Early Permian (270 Ma): The end product of these episodes of continental
Convergence was the supercontinent of Pangea.
From: Understanding Earth
(Grotzinger & Jordan 2010)
From: Understanding Earth
(Grotzinger & Jordan 2010)
From: Understanding Earth
(Grotzinger & Jordan 2010)
From: Understanding Earth (Grotzinger & Jordan 2010)
From: Understanding Earth
(Grotzinger & Jordan 2010)
From: Understanding Earth
(Grotzinger & Jordan 2010)
From: Understanding Earth
(Grotzinger & Jordan 2010)
From: Understanding Earth
(Grotzinger & Jordan 2010)
From: Understanding Earth
(Grotzinger & Jordan 2010)
From: Understanding Earth (Grotzinger & Jordan 2010)
From: Understanding Earth (Grotzinger & Jordan 2010)