Work by Antonio Izzo
Based on 36 2 cm X 20 cm soil cores from a total of
9 plots contained within a 2.5 hectare region. 91
species of EM fungi
Facultative epiparasitism?
Douglas-fir seedling and manzanita
Ectomycorrhizal
community structure based
on root tip colonization
Data from mature Pt. Reyes, Bishop
pine communities summarized by
families.
Tomentella - a little fungus, but a big player
Early stage
Fungi ( r )
Fruit under
very young
trees
Fruit at
periphery of
older trees
Late stage
Fungi ( K )
Fruit under
older trees
Fruit near
stem of older
trees
Establish on Establish on
seedlings in
seedlings in
disturbed soil undisturbed
soil
Spores are
effective
inoculum
Spores are not
effective
inoculum
At trib u tes o f E ar ly v ersu s L ate -stag e E ctomy co rrh izal F u ng i
as de fin ed b y Dea c on and Fl em in g ( 1992 )
E ar ly stag e (ru de ral )
L ate stage (K- se lec ted )
fru it b od ie s d ev el op in e arly ye ars
fru it b od ie s d ev el op in la te r ye ar s as t ree s
be n eath yo un g tree s
mat u re
fru it b od ie s and m y co rr hiza s s ee n n ear
p er iph ery o f ex pand in g ro o t s ys tem
fru it b od ie s and m y co rr hiza s s ee n mai n ly
in o ld er ro ot zon es
inf ect re ad il y f ro m sp or es o r m y celial
inocu la a d d ed t o unst eri le so il
d o n o t in fe ct from sp o res or m y celia
ad d ed to un s ter ile so il
p er si s t w h en as ept ica lly ino c ula te d
seed lin g s a re transpla n ted to so il
p er si s t p oo rly af te r transp lant in g
hav e lo w su g ar de man d for ex ten s ion
gr ow th a n d in fe ct ion in cu ltu re
hav e hi g h su g ar de man d fo r ex ten s ion
gr ow th a n d in fe ct ion in cu ltu re
sp o res ge rm ina b le in cu ltu re o r in
p re senc e o f p lant ro ots
sp o res no t re ad ily ge rm ina b le in cu ltu re
so me a re k no w n to in fect as mon o ka ry on s
hav e no t bee n sh o w n to inf ec t a s
mo n o k ar y o n s
R us sul a, A m anit a, Bo le tus ,
E xam p le gen er a: L ac a rr ia , H ebelo m a ,
Ino cyb e
Rhizopogon species are dominants in seedling bioassay
Ectomycorrhizal
community structure based
on root tip colonization
Data from mature Pt. Reyes, Bishop
pine communities summarized by
families.
ol
iv
ac
oc
ti
is
tu
s
r
0
he
al
r
r
5
ot
nt
he
he
r
10
nc
de
eo
ci
ot
ot
he
r
0
ot
5
he
*
ot
15
r
20
he
20
ot
25
r
25
he
us
*
30
ot
os
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
40
.
br
he
he
he
he
he
he
he
he
he
is
R
.
.
R
oc
ci
de
nt
is
he
he
he
al
ot
ot
ot
r
r
r
r
r
us
he
os
ot
s
he
tu
ot
nc
br
ti
le
eo
sa
ac
.
iv
R
ol
0
R
le
ot
ot
ot
ot
ot
ot
ot
ot
r
us
al
ot
nt
os
he
10
sa
de
br
ot
15
.
ci
le
Rhizopogon *
R
oc
sa
30
10
.
.
.
35
60
R
R
R
Rhizopogon and
Ascomycetes dominated
the roots of pine seedlings
after the Pt. Reyes fire.
*
50
40
30
20
*
*
*
*
*
Agerer’s Ectomycorrhizal exploration types
Ectomycorrhizal fungi are diverse at multiple spatial scales
Bever et al. 2001 Bioscience 51:926: “No
single sampling methodology was able to
reveal all of the species at the site. In fact,
it seems that each variant on the sampling
methodology, whether it be green-house
condition of the trap cultures, species of
plant host used in the traps, treatment of
soil prior to trapping, or season of
sampling field soil, would reveal additional
fungal species.”
Species diversity
of AM fungi
effect diversity
of plant
community and
ecosystem
function
From Van der
Heijden et al.
1998
Bever’s negative feedback model
Reynolds et al. - nutrient niche model for P
From Francis and Read
1995
Parasitism of surrounding
plants by Tuber melanosporum
an ectomycorrhizal fungus on
oak