Chapter 21- Fungi
Edible morels from Phylum Basidiomycota
21-1
Kingdom Fungi
• eukaryotic
•most = sexual/ asexual rep.
•classified by rep. structures
•mostly multicellular; some unicellular (yeasts:
most primitive form of fungi)
•cell walls = CHITIN
•external, absorptive heterotrophs-release
enzymes and break down food externally, then
absorb nutrients
Structures:
•hyphae- subunits of multicellular fungi, cross walls
or no cross walls
•Mycelium- mass of hyphae; nutrient absorption;
contain fruiting body (rep. structure ex: mushroom)
21-1
•Sporangia- produce spores; found at the tips of
specialized hyphae called sporangiophores
•Spores- dispersed by wind or animals;
germinate in favorable conditions
4 major groups:
* “common molds”
* sac fungi
* club fungi
* imperfect fungi
Fairy Ring
21-2
I. Common molds- Zygomycota
A. Life cycle includes zygospores-spore that
contains zygotes
Black Bread Mold- Rhizopus stolonifer
B. Rhizoids-root-like
hyphae; grow down
C. Stolons-hyphae
that runs along
surface; will form
sporangiophores
with sporangia
Fertilization
Meiosis
Sexual
reproduction
Asexual
Reproduction
II. Sac-fungi-Ascomycota
21-2
A. ascus- sexual rep.structure that contains
ascospores
B. conidia- asexual spores
C. yeasts- unicellular; oldest and most primitive fungi;
sexual (ascospores) or budding (asexual)
Figure 21–6 These cup fungi
are members of the phylum
Ascomycota. In cup fungi, asci
lie on the interior surface of the
cup. At maturity, the sporefilled asci burst, releasing the
spores into the air.
III. Club-fungi-Basidiomycota
21-2
A. Basidium- club-shaped rep. structure; found in
the gills that grow on the underside of cap
B. Most complex life
cycle of all fungi
C. Ex: Puffball,
Stinkhorn, Shelf
Fungi, Bird’s
Nest Fungus;
Jelly Fungi;
Mushroom
Orange Jelly
Star Stinkhorn Fungi
Pigskin Poison
Puffball
Shelf Fungus
Fly Agaric
Bird’s Nest Fungus
IV. Deuteromycota- Imperfect Fungi
21-2
A. No known mode of sexual rep.
B. Most closely resemble ascomycetes (sac-fungi)
C. Best known:Penicillium; fruit mold/ antibiotics
Penicillium Conidiophores Orange Peel
Penicillium notatum
(Produces Penicillin)
V. Ecology of Fungi
21-3
A. Saprobes (organisms that obtain food from
decaying organic matter) and parasites
B. Decomposers- recycle nutrients in ecosystems
C. Parasites
1. plants-corn smut, fruit mildews; wheat rust; 15-50%
crops lost to fungi from temperate to tropical zones
2. Animals- athlete’s foot/ ringworm (deuteromycete);
yeast infections/ thrush (yeast-ascomycete);
D.Symbiotic Relationships
21-3
1. Lichens- mutualism between fungi/ algae or fungi/
cyanobacteria
i. fungi= provides minerals/ SA for water absorption;
protection for algae; algae or cyanobacteria = make
sugar via photosynthesis
ii. drought/ cold
resistant =
pioneer species
iii. Indicators of
air qualitysensitive to air
pollution
21-3
2. Mycorrizhae-means ”fungal root”; mutualism b/t
fungi/ plant roots
i. 80% of plant species have mycorrizhae
ii. Fungi- increase surface area for water/ mineral
absorption; plant roots= offer fungi sugars from
photosynthesis.
Basidiomycete w/
Basidiomycete with a
Mycorrizhae
angiosperm
conifer.
21-1
The cell walls of fungi are made
up of
A. chitin.
B. hyphae.
C. mycelium.
D. cellulose.
21-1
The part of the mushroom that
appears above ground is the
A. mycelium, or main body of
the fungus.
B. photosynthetic organ of the
fungus.
C. reproductive structure of the
fungus.
D. structure used to capture
prey.
21-1
The hyphae that make up
multicellular fungi are
A. long chains that are several
cells thick.
B. thin filaments that are
sometimes divided into cells.
C. the fruiting bodies used in
reproduction.
D. the structures that grow
above ground.
21-1
Most fungi reproduce
A. sexually.
B. asexually.
C. both sexually and
asexually.
D. neither sexually or
asexually.
21-1
Sporangia are found at the tips
of specialized hyphae called
A. gametangia.
B. mycelia.
C. sporangiophores.
D. sporophytes.
21-2
Fungi grow best in an
environment that is
A. cool.
B. moist.
C. dry.
D. salty.
21-2
Yeasts are
A. zygomycetes.
B. ascomycetes.
C. basidiomycetes.
D. deuteromycetes.
21-2
Penicillium is a(an)
A. ascomycete.
B. basidiomycete.
C. deuteromycete.
D. zygomycete.
21-2
Sac fungi have a characteristic
reproductive structure called
a(an)
A. ascus.
B. basidium.
C. budding capsule.
D. sporophyte.
21-2
The basidiospores of club fungi
are produced on thin structures
called
A. fruiting bodies.
B. buttons.
C. gills.
D. stalks.
21-3
Which of the following is NOT true
of fungi?
A. Some of them perform valuable
service as decomposers.
B. Some of them have a beneficial
association with plants.
C. Some of them can make their own
food.
D. Some of them cause serious
diseases of plants, animals, and
humans.
21-3
Ringworm is caused by a
A.worm.
B. fungus.
C. plant.
D. protist.
21-3
Research on mycorrhizae shows that
plants
A. are not dependent on other
organisms.
B. are closely related to fungi.
C. may depend on other organisms.
D.are seriously damaged by fungi.
21-3
In a mutualistic relationship
A. both partners benefit.
B. one partner benefits.
C. neither partner benefits.
D. neither partners is affected by
the other.
21-3
Lichens are symbiotic associations
that might be formed between
A. a fungus and an animal.
B. a plant and a bacterium.
C. a cyanobacterium and a plant.
D. a fungus and an alga.