Traditions and Local Rights over Genetic resources in the context of
Community Biodiversity Management
Malayali
E.D.Israel Oliver King and Saujanendra Swain
M.S.Swaminathan Research Foundation
Context
• Role of Communities in conserving Plant genetic resources
• Customary practices and local rights of Farmers
• Drivers of change and its effect over PGR
• Dynamic Community Biodiversity Management and process of
Empowerment
Kolli Hills
Tribal Settlement
Malayali Tribe
Terraced Fields
Paddy field
Hut
Folk lore, Folk Songs and Life of the Tribal Communities
Kummipadal
Parambupadal
Odukkai padal
Kuravan Kurathi padal
Thirumanapadal
Attukattupadal
Komalipadal
Servai padal
Andikolam padal
Sacred Forests
Ancestral Worship
Ayyanappattan, Panguliappattan
Goddesses Worship
Sanskritzed Traditions
Kongayi, Pidari, Ettukkai,Kannimar,
Rathathamman, Kollippavai
Perumansolai and
Masiperiasamisolai
Traditional Farming
Mixed Farming
Back yard poultry
Upland Paddy
Threshing Yard
Stall Feeding
Customary Practices
Quality Seed Selection
Community Seed Bank
Manual Dehusking
Seed Exchange
Interaspecific Millet Diversity in Kolli Hills
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Little millet
Italian millet
Common millet
Kodo millet
(Samai)
(Thinai)
(Panivaragu)
(Varagu)
Panicum sumatrance
Setaria italica
Panicum miliaceum
Paspalum scrobiculatum
Plant Genetic Resources
o Secondary centre of Origin of Rice (1750 landraces)
(24 aromatic, 27 flood resistant, 2 deep water and 10 drought resistant and
some others are insect/ pest resistant, puffing quality, etc.)
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8 species of minor millets,
9 species of pulses,
5 species of oil seeds,
3 species of fibrous plants,
7 species of vegetables
Some valuable rice landraces preserved by tribal
farmers for religious function
Rice variety
Predominant quality
Festivals
Time of
maturity
(Month)
Kalakrishna
Scented
All festivals
January
Tulsi
Scented
Chaitra Parva
Machhakanta
White slender short grins, Manabasa and
good taste
Lakshmi Puja
November
Mer
Black grains with
medicinal properties
Annual ceremony
of forefathers
November
* Kalajeera
Scented
Temple deities
November
Haladichudi
White slender long grains, Shakti puja
good taste
December
Deulabhoga
Bold and short grains,
Temple deities
reddish tinge on cooking
with mild scent preferred
during worship at temples
December
April
Factors responsible for Erosion of crops and
Dwindling Customary Practices
Factors
Intensity (* - less, ** strong and ***- very
strong influence)
Introduction of commercial crops like
tapioca, coffee, pepper etc with good market
linkages and promotion by govt.policies
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Access to PDS
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Rainfall variability especially onset
**
Conversion of land to agro forestry
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Lack of market channels
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Drudgery in processing
**
Culinary esteem of alternate crops
*
Land fragmentation
*
Peer group pressure and other constraints
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Limited availability of farmyard manure
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Shift from Subsistence Economy to Cash Economy
In the Changing Socio cultural Context
Will communities sustain
with their Customary
management practices of Biodiversity ?
Integrated Approaches in CBM – Formal
Grass root institution building
Seed multiplication & distribution
Technology appraisal
Skill enhancement
Processing & Value Addition
Marketing Linkage
System management
Role Change
Participatory Research
Conservation
Seed Multiplication
Seed Storage
– Thombai
Seed exchange
Cultivation
Seed Distribution
Cultivation
Traditional method
of cultivation
Between Row
spacing 20 cm
Between Plant
spacing 10 cm
Participatory Plant Improvement to achieve
higher productivity
Modified method
of Cultivation
Drudgery Reduction and Consumption
Drudgery in Pounding
rpWjhdpak; muit ,ae;jpuk;
fy; ePf;fp ,ae;jpuk;
ckp ePf;fp ,ae;jpuk;
FINGER MILLET
khT ,ae;jpuk;
ney; miuf;Fk; ,ae;jpuk;
LITTLE MILLET
ITALAN MILLET
Mapy; Nkhl;lh;
Traditional Recipes of Millet Foods
Value addition Training
Capacity Building on Processing Millets
VALUE ADDED RECIPES OF SAMAI (Little Millet) & THINAI (Italian Millet)
Samai Rice
Samai Sweet Puttu
Samai Kara Paniyaram
Thinai Rice
Thinai Sweet Puttu
Thinai Kara Paniyaram
Samai Wheat Flour Dosai Thinai Wheat Flour Dosai
Thinai Pakoda Samai
Thinai Ribbon Pakoda
Samai Uppuma
Samai Sweet Pongal
Samai Payasam
Samai Kara Pongal
Samai Thinai Omapodi
Thinai Uppuma
Thinai Sweet Pongal
Thinai Payasam
Thinai Kara Pongal
Samai Thinai Adai
Samai Poorna Kozhukkatai
Samai Sweet Idiappam
Samai Idli
Samai Thinai Keera Roti
Samai Thinai Vadai
Samai Kara Kozhukkatai Thinai Poorna Kozhukkatai Thinai Kara Kozhukkatai
Samai Thinai Kara Idiappam
Thinai Idli
Samai Bonda
Samai Thinai Murukku
Thinai Sweet Idiappam
Samai Thinai Sweet Paniyaram
Samai Dosai
Thinai Dosai
Samai Pakoda
Thinai Bonda
Thinai Adhirasam
Samai
Thinai Kachayam
(Photograph: Dr. E. D. Israel Oliver King)
Campaign for Conservation and Promotion of millets
Folk Theatre
Road Show
Exhibitions
Niche Market Linkages
City Market
Chennai (2)
Coimbatore (3)
Madurai (1)
Local Market
Kolli Hills (2)
Ooty (1)
Trichy (1)
Peri
Urban
Market
Namakkal (5)
Tiruvannamalai (2)
Tanjavur (1)
Infrastructure Development of
Millet Processing Mills
Sale Deed
Dhan Settlement
Legal Processes of Empowerment
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MOU with the Block development Office
Partnership deed for Nanbargal SHG
Tax Payer’s Identification Number certificate (TIN)
Sales Tax Certificate (CTC)
Small scale industry certificate (SSI)
Sales Deed
Partnership
Deed
TIN Cert
Sales Tax Cert
SSIC Cert
KHABCOFED
(Kolli Hills Agro biodiversity Conservers federation)
in the Empowerment process
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Tribal Farmer collectives
Access to information
Access to Credits
Increased mobility
Public participation
Governorship over common property resources
Collective Decision Making processes
Awareness about the PGR and policy related
issues
Kalajeera
(An aromatic Rice for Promotion)
• Formation of Kalinga Kalajeera Rice
Growers Cooperative Society
(KKRGCS)
• 500 acres , involving more than 700
farm families
• Procurement by NAFED
• One & half times more price than
other rice
• GI trial of Kalajeera in 5district
Community Recognition & Reward
Krishi Bisharad Sanman
ICAR, New Delhi, 2002
Equator Initiative Award
UNDP, Johansburg, 2002
Genome Savior Award
PPV&FR Authority,
Govt. of India, 2006
Felicitation by Hon’ble Chief Minister of Orissa, 2004
Thank You