MAP sector of SEE:
A general overview by SWOT analysis
Prof. dr Zora Dajić Stevanović
University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture
dajic@agrif.bg.ac.rs
SWOT analysis
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STRENGTHS
WEAKNESSES
OPPORTUNITIES
THREATS
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Recommendations
Hypericum montbreti
STRENGHTS
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High biodiversity
Available stocks of MAP
Tradition and knowledge
Good product quality
Favorable conditions for
cultivation
Settled legislation framework
Research potential
Biodiversity
Country
No of vascular
plant taxa (spec
and subspec)
No of MAP
Croatia
5347
735
BiH
4498
700
Serbia
3662
700 (420)
Montenegro
3136
659
Albania
3250
360
Kosovo
2500
300-400
Macedonia
3240
600
Available stocks of MAP
Insufficiently
used resources
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Number of species
Quantities
Areas
Country
Species
Salvia spp.
Origanum vulgare
Thymus spp.
Satureja montana
Rosa canina
Achillea millefolium
Crataegus monogyna
Juniperus spp.
Urtica spp.
Hypericum perforatum
Vaccinium myrtillus
ALB
BIH
CRO
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MAC
MNG
KOS
SRB
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Tradition and Knowledge
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Long tradition of use
Collector’s plant recognition
Traditional production practices
Ethnobotanical and
Ethnopharmacological
knowledge
Product quality
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Good quality of plant
drugs/products
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Climate
Soil
Environment
Favorable conditions for MAP cultivation
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Climate
Soil
Unpolluted soil, air and water
Available land for farming
In situ and Ex situ conservation
legal framework
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In situ
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Protected areas
Signed/Ratified International Declarations/Directives
National legal framework
Ex situ
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Established national Plant Gene Banks
Signed/Ratified International Declarations/Directives
National legal framework
International legislation
In situ conservation
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CBD (Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992)
Bern Convention (Convention on the Conservation of
European Wildlife and Natural habitats, 1979)
CITES convention (Convention on International Trade
in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, 1973)
EC Habitats, Fauna and Flora Directive (1997)
Millennium declaration UN and Plan of Agenda 21
Implementation (UN Developmental Program, 2000)
International legislation
Ex situ conservation
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GPA (Global Plan of Action for Conservation
and Sustainable Use of Plant Genetic Resources
for Food and agriculture, FAO 1996)
International Treaty for Food and Agriculture
(2004)
EC Regulation No. 209/91 (1995)
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Organic production and agricultural goods at EU level
National Legislation
Albania
Law on protected areas, 2002, Law on biodiversity protection, 2006
Law on forests, 1992, Law on pastures and meadows, 1995
Law on the protection of medicinal, tannic acid and oil bearing plants, 1992
BiH
Law on forests, 2002, Law on protection of nature, 2000,2008
Law on medicinal products, 2001, Law on national parks, 1996
Serbia
Law on nature protection, 2009, Law on environment protection, 2004,
Directive on control of use and trade of wild plant and animal species,
1996, 1999, 2005, 2011, Law on national parks, 2005, 2009, 2012, Law on
forests, 2010
Croatia
Law on environmental protection, 1994, 1999, Law on nature protection,
2005, The ordinance of proclamation of wild taxa as protected and strictly
protected, 2009
Montenegro
Law on nature protection, 2008, Law on environment, 2008,
Law on national parks, 2009, Law on protection of rare, endangered,
threatened and endemic species, 2006
Kosovo
Macedonia
Law on Kosovo forests, 2004, law on plant protection, 2007
Law on nature protection, 2004, Law on environment, 2005
Regulation of permitting the collection of endangered species, 2009
Research potential
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Serbia
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Institute for Medicinal Plant Research “Dr Josif Pancic”, Belgrade
Department for sorghum, hops and MAP, Backi Petrovac
Faculties of Pharmacy, Biology, Agriculture, Technology, Forestry
and Chemistry of Universities of Belgrade, Novi Sad and Nis
Croatia
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University of Zagreb: Faculty of Agriculture and Faculty of
Biology
Institute for Adriatic Crops and Karst Reclamation, Split
WEAKNESSES
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Collector problem
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Structure, Number, Motivation (fair trade)
Improper management of plant resources
Insufficient added value
Slow sector development (underutilized
opportunities)
Access information and public awareness
Profile of MAP collector in SEE
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Old people in rural
areas
Woman and man
Unemployed
Undereducated
Other marginal groups
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Collectors loss
Country
Albania
Current No of
collectors
75.000
No of collectors in
1999s
150.000
BiH
50.000-100.000
150.000
Croatia
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50.000-100.000
Serbia
50.000
5000-10.000 MAP
150.000
Montenegro
10.000-20.000
? (50.000)
Kosovo
9000
? (50.000)
Macedonia
60.000
? (150.000 – 200.000)
Impacts on biodiversity
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Habitat alteration
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Loss of grasslands
Deforestation
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Habitat fragmentation
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Over-harvesting
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Endangered species
Key Endangered MAP species in SEE
Species
Country Cause
Gentiana lutea
Arctostaphyllos uva ursi
All SEE
Overharvesting
BiH, SRB,
MAC, KOS
Overharvesting
Sideritis raeseri
MAC, KOS,
ALB
Overharvesting
Salvia officinalis
ALB, MAC,
BiH
Overharvesting
Paeonia officinalis
CRO, MAC,
SRB
Various
Orchidaceae
All SEE
Various
Main threats to biodiversity
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Habitat loss and
degradation
Habitat fragmentation
Over-collecting
Improper harvest practices
Pollution
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Management
of
plant
resources
Underdeveloped legislation
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Weak enforcement
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Lack of capacities (control and inspection)
Problems in PA management
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Quotas
Taxes and fees
Centralized management
Control of income from MAP collecting
Regimes for MAP harvesting
No relations with tourism and MAP harvesting
Monitoring and resources assessment
Insufficient added value
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Lack of facilities for primary
processing/primitive practices
Lack of facilities for
diversification of products
Storage, packaging, labeling
Quality control, standardization,
certification
Marketing and promotion
Slow sector development
underutilized opportunities
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Access to foreign markets
Small areas under cultivated MAP
Weak professional associations
Weak relations with research
Poor regional collaboration
Cultivated area
(ha)
COUNTRY
EXPORT
ALBANIA
(million US $)
18
BiH
? About 5-6
500-600
CROATIA
? About 6-8
2500
SERBIA
19 (with spicy)
5,8 MAP
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2000
KOSOVO
MONTENEGRO ? 1-2 (NWFP)
MACEDONIA
? more than 300
? small
? small
? 5-7 (NWFP: 15) ? more than 300
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On average: 1500-2000 t of MAP exported
Serbia: 5000 t out of MAP 2000 t
Albania: over 7000 t
STRUCTURE
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Raw material (All SEE countries)
Essential oils (Albania, about 40 t)
Teas (Serbia, Croatia) – regional markets
OPPORTUNITIES
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Increasing demand for MAP
Biodiversity conservation in relation to
sustainable use of MAP
Value-adding
Cultivation
Education, training, research
Collaboration
Increase of export
Increasing demand for MAP
(all in US $)
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Global world trade: 60 billion
EU – the biggest world market
• import 150.000 t  300 million – annual rate increases
for 10%
US – average trade of about 31 million
SEE export of near US $ 80 million
Former Yugoslavia was key supplier of MAP into EU
Serbia today only 2 % of EU market
Period 2005-2007: increase of international trade of 22 %
Global concepts in MAP conservation
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In situ
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Ex situ
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Protected areas
Habitat directive
• IPA
• HNVF
Ecological networks
• Emerald
• Natura 2000
Gene Banks
Botanical Gardens and Arboretums
Cultivation and Reintroduction
Importance of Natura 2000
Protection of species and their habitats in EU
independently on borders and politics
Priorities of conservation based upon uniformed scientific
methodology
Strict state control
Collaboration with land owners and farmers
Supporting sustainable development
Standards in MAP production
(collection and cultivation)
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Guidelines on good agricultural and collection
practices (GACP) for medicinal plants (WHO, 2003)
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Improvement of distribution, abundance, sustainable
management and use of MAP
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International Standard for Sustainable Wild Collection
of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (ISSC-MAP, 2007 by
BfN, WWF, TRAFFIC, IUCN)
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Fair Wild Standards (FairWild Foundation of WWF and
Traffic, 2011)
MAP CULTIVATION
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Many advantages
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Land use and rural development
Acquiring of cultivation technologies
Endangered and economically important
species
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Standards implementation
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Common Agricultural Policy (CAP, 2003)
Good Agriculture Practices (GAP, 2003)
Good Agriculture and Collection Practices for
MAP (GACP, 2003)
Organic production standards
THREATS
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Further depopulation of rural areas
High fluctuations in demands and
prices
Loss of biodiversity
Political instability
Low investments
Excessive credit indebtedness of SMEs
Recommendations
NATIONAL LEVEL
REGIONAL LEVEL
Legal framework
improvement, enforcement
Sustainable management and
use of MAP
Capacity building (PA
management, processing)
Standardization and
certification
Promotion of sector, increase
of export
Regional business association
Regional certification
Regional branding
Trade missions, fairs,
exhibitions
Research Programs
Project ideas for MAP in SEE
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Ethnobotany and traditional knowledge
on MAP preservation
MAP resources assessment in target areas
Conservation of endangered MAP
MAP endemics
Development of cultivation technologies
New products/processing technologies
creation and promotion
Good examples
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National level
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SERBIAN FLORA
EPCA
Regional level
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SEEDNet and ECPGR
AMAPSEEC
Contribution of international PGR programs
to MAP conservation in SEE
ECPGR MAP WG (2001)
Biodiversity conservation of MAP resources
• In situ, ex situ, on farm, sustainable use
• Target species (10)
• Development of descriptors and data bases
• Collecting, characterization, documentation, evaluation of MAP
PGR, research (oregano project)
SEEDNet MAP WG (2003)
• WG strategy on conservation of MAP in SEE
• Descriptors development, target and mandate species
• Research projects (yellow gentian and Dalmatian sage)
TARGET species of ECPGR and SEEDNet
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Gentiana sp.
Hypericum perforatum
Origanum vulgare
Tanacetum cinerariifolium
Salvia ssp.
Sideritis ssp.
Achillea millefolium
Arctostaphllos uva ursi
Helichrysum ssp.
Ocimum ssp.
Satureja ssp.
Vaccinium ssp.
Foeniculum vulgare
Carum carvi
Thymus ssp.
Primula sp.
Mentha ssp.
Melissa officinalis
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Association for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of South
East European Countries
Established in 2000, registered in Belgrade
500 members, 400 participants from 50 countries in
Turkey
6 Scientific Conferences (Serbia, Greece, Slovakia,
Romania, Czech, Turkey)
7th Conference: 27-31 May, Subotica, Serbia
www.amapseec.org