Modelling sustainability in water supply and
drainage with SIMDEUM®
Ilse Pieterse-Quirijns, Claudia Agudelo-Vera, Mirjam Blokker
Background: “problem description”
sustainability in supply and drainage with SIMDEUM®
energy costs
population growth
climate change
increased urbanisation
increased consumption
energy efficiency
recovery of energy from wastewater
promote
sustainability
reuse of wastewater
harvesting of rainwater
recovery of nutrients from wastewater
Purpose: contribution SIMDEUM® in sustainability
sustainability in supply and drainage with SIMDEUM®
Purpose:
Contribution of SIMDEUM® in sustainability in supply and
drainage to buildings:
Case 1: energy efficient design of water heaters
Case 2: grey water recycling and rainwater harvesting system
Case 3: recovery of thermal energy and nutrients from wastewater
SIMDEUM®: model for water demand
sustainability in supply and drainage with SIMDEUM®
SIMulation of water Demand, an End Use Model
Philosophy:
installation inside building:
characteristics water using appliances
users: water use behaviour
SIMDEUM
residential
diurnal cold and hot water demand patterns
design rules for
houses and
non-residential
diurnal cold and hot water demand patterns
Library
typical water demand patterns
apartment buildings
design rules for
non-residential buildings
(offices, hotels, nursing
homes)
SIMDEUM pattern generator
SIMDEUM®: model for water demand
sustainability in supply and drainage with SIMDEUM®
SIMulation of water Demand, an End Use Model
Philosophy:
installation inside building:
characteristics water using appliances
users: water use behaviour
users
SIMDEUM
• presence
• when do they
use water?
• for which
reason?
appliances
• flow rate
• duration
• frequency
• desired temperature
dependent on user
bathroomtap
dependent on purpose of use
kitchentap
SIMDEUM®: model for water demand
sustainability in supply and drainage with SIMDEUM®
demand patterns at each tap
during the day
for cold AND hot water
demand patterns for building
during the day
for cold AND hot water
demand patterns for apartment
building during the day
for cold AND hot water
apartment building
cold
hot
3.5
hotel
3.5
measured all days
measured ful occupation
simulation
cold
3
measured all days
measured full occupation
simulated
2.5
hot flow (m3/h)
flow (m3/h)
2.5
2
1.5
2
1.5
1
1
0.5
0.5
0
hot
3
0
6
12
18
0
24
0
6
time [h]
cold
4
measured
simulated
3.5
hot flow (m 3/h)
3
flow (m 3/h)
24
measured
simulated
hot
4
3.5
2.5
2
1.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
1
0.5
0.5
0
18
4.5
4.5
nursing home
12
time [h]
0
0
6
12
time [h]
18
24
0
6
12
time [h]
18
24
Case 1
SIMDEUM® in energy efficient
design of water heaters
Case 1: energy efficient design of water heaters
sustainability in supply and drainage with SIMDEUM®
Design of heating systems in practice:
Badly (over-)designed systems
Hygienic problems (water quality, Legionella)
Less energy efficient
Why?
outdated existing guidelines and guidelines do not cover hot water demand
In 2010: procedure to derive new design rules for cold and hot water based on
SIMDEUM®
In 2011: reliable prediction of peak demand values of cold and hot water for different
buildings
SIMDEUM based rules lead to comparable choice of heating
system as based on measured hot water use
Case 1: energy efficient design of water heaters
sustainability in supply and drainage with SIMDEUM®
Compare SIMDEUM-based design with proposal
company:
design based on SIMDEUM
type of building
Dimensions
apartment building I: standard
proposed by
apartment building II: luxurious)
company SIMDEUM®:
hotel I (small business)
2x to 4x
dimensions
hotel II (large business)
significant
contribution
from
hotel III (tourist)
SIMDEUMheating systems
volume [l]
power [kW]
volume [l]
power
[kW]
500
60
500
110
500
82
1000
80
500
35
1000
200
in energy
efficient
design
of200
1000
60
4000
nursing home I: care needed residents
nursing home II: self-contained
apartments
proposal company
250
50
740
100
250
30
500
45
500
25
1000
100
Case 2
SIMDEUM® in grey water recycling
and rainwater harvesting system
Case 2: grey water recycling and rainwater harvesting system
sustainability in supply and drainage with SIMDEUM®
SIMDEUM
Case 2: grey water recycling and rainwater harvesting system
Building type
Free standing house
Mid-rise apartment flat
4 people (1 family)
56 people (28 apartments x 2 people)
60
640
2 (1 in each floor)
28 (1 per apartment)
# of laundry machines
1 (in 1st floor)
28 (1 per apartment)
# of showers/bathtubs
1 (in 2nd floor)
28 showers (1 per apartment) – No bath
Single house collection
Shared collection
Occupancy
Roof area (m²)
# of toilets
Grey and rain water
system
Week demand pattern
(hourly time step)
Case 2: grey water recycling and rainwater harvesting system
sustainability in supply and drainage with SIMDEUM®
Free standing house - 4 people
DQ2
LGW recycling
60
10 m³ p-1 y-1
Rainwater harvesting
30
20
10
1.
2.
0
0
200
400
DQ2
Rainwater harvesting
+ LGW recycling
1000
Optimisation
for choice of storage
LGW recycling
capacity
shows:
800
50
4039
1200
Local water resource production (m³ y-1)
Local water resource production (m³ y-1)
Mid-rise flat - 56 people
Rainwater harvesting +
LGW recycling
70
600
709
12.7 m³ p-1 y-1
LGW
recycling is more beneficial
600
than rainwater harvesting, for the
400
same
storage Rainwater
capacity
harvesting
200
Combine LGW and rainwater:
0
2.8
maximum
yield
at smaller
storage
0
2 50 l p
4
6
8
Storage capacity of each tank (m³)
capacity
-1
Storage capacity of each tank (l)
Non-potable demand (DQ2) = 65 m³ y-1 = 16 m³ y-1 p-1
Potential recycling = 85 m³ y-1 = 21 m³ y-1 p-1
Potential rainwater harvesting = 48 m³ y-1 = 12 m³ y-1 p-1
Treatment rate = 160 l d-1 = 40 l d-1 p-1
Non-potable demand (DQ2) = 1108 m³ y-1 = 20 m³ y-1 p-1
Potential recycling = 930 m³ y-1 = 17 m³ y-1 p-1
Potential rainwater harvesting = 512 m³ y-1 = 9 m³ y-1 p-1
Treatment rate = 2240 l d-1 = 40 l d-1 p-1
Case 2: grey water recycling and rainwater harvesting system
sustainability in supply and drainage with SIMDEUM®
Free standing house - 4 people
DQ2
LGW recycling
60
50
4039
10 m³ p-1 y-1
Rainwater harvesting
SIMDEUM®:
30
20
10
0
0
Mid-rise flat - 56 people
Rainwater harvesting +
LGW recycling
1200
Local water resource production (m³ y-1)
Local water resource production (m³ y-1)
70
DQ2
Rainwater harvesting
+ LGW recycling
1000
LGW recycling
800
709
12.7 m³ p-1 y-1
600
400
Rainwater harvesting
assists in proper choice of storage
capacities and
200
in understanding
process dynamics
in recycling
0
200
400
600
0
2
4
6
8
Storage
capacity
of
each
tank
(l)
systems
Storage capacity of each tank (m³)
2.8
50 l p-1
Higher density of people
higher yield/efficiency
Case 3
SIMDEUM® in recovery of thermal
energy and nutrients from
wastewater
Case 3: recovery of thermal energy and nutrients from wastewater
sustainability in supply and drainage with SIMDEUM®
SIMulation of water Demand, an End Use Model
Philosophy:
installation inside building:
characteristics water using appliances
users: water use behaviour
SIMDEUM
Demand model
Discharge model
Purpose of water use for
each appliance is known:
• time of use
• quantity
• temperature
Provides information on wastewater
• quantity
• temperature
• quality (soap residue, medicines,
nitrates)
Recovery of energy and nutrients
Demand
Discharge
800
total water demand
hot water demand
600
sustainability in supply and drainage with SIMDEUM®
400
200
total discharge
600
Q [l/h]
Q [l/h]
800
400
Case 3: recovery of thermal energy
200 and nutrients from wastewater
0
40
shower demand
shower hot water
600
400
SIMDEUM®:
200
Q [l/h]
75
50
25
0
0:00
30
20
10
0
quantifies the energy and nutrient
loads in
0.2
WC water demand
discharge flows
for recovery
purposes
0.15
nutrients [g/l]
0
100
temperature [ C]
Q [l/h]
0
800
Tdischarge
discharge nutrient load
0.1
0.05
6:00
12:00
18:00
24:00
0
0:00
6:00
12:00
18:00
24:00
CONCLUSION
sustainability in supply and drainage with SIMDEUM®
SIMDEUM®
reliable simulation of residential and non-residential cold and hot water demand
patterns
discharge characteristics: quantity, quality and temperature of wastewater
SIMDEUM® to promote sustainability:
1. Energy efficient design: SIMDEUM based design rules reduce heater
capacity with factor 2 to 4
2.
3.
Grey water recycling and rainwater harvesting: SIMDEUM assists in
choice of storage capacities and continuous simulations
Recovery of energy and nutrients: SIMDEUM renders information on
discharge characteristics
SIMDEUM also for other countries, other buildings and scenario studies