HUMAN TRAFFICKING AND
MODERN SLAVERY
NATIONAL HUMAN TRAFFICKING RESOURCE CENTER
Creative Commons: Dace Schmidt
POLARIS PROJECT PROGRAMS
• National Human
Trafficking Resource Center
• U.S. Policy
• Direct Client Services (DC
and NJ)
• Public Outreach and
Communications
• Fellowship
• International Programs
Polaris Project
AGENDA/GOALS
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What is human trafficking?
Is this really a problem in the modern day?
What is the legal definition?
Who is involved in human trafficking?
How can I identify and understand victims?
What can I do to take action?
WHAT IS HUMAN
TRAFFICKING?
HUMAN TRAFFICKING
INTERNATIONAL, NATIONAL, LOCAL
International: Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and
Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women
and Children of 2000 (Palermo Protocol)
National: In the U.S., Trafficking Victims
Protection Act of 2000 (TVPA)
Local: In the U.S., all 50 states and Washington,
D.C. have specific laws against human trafficking.
TRAFFICKING VICTIMS PROTECTION ACT
Sex
Trafficking
Labor
Trafficking
• The recruitment, harboring, transportation,
provision or obtaining of a person for a
commercial sex act, in which a commercial
sex act is induced by force, fraud, or
coercion, or in which the person induced
to perform such an act has not attained 18
years of age.
• The recruitment, harboring,
transportation, provision or obtaining of a
person for labor or services, through the
use of force, fraud or coercion for the
purpose of subjection to involuntary
servitude, peonage, debt bondage, or
slavery.
22 USC § 7102
THE A-M-P MODEL
Action
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Recruits
Harbors
Transports
Provides
Obtains,
or so
attempts
Means
• Force
• Fraud
• Coercion
Purpose
• Commercial
Sex Acts
• Labor or
Services
SEX TRAFFICKING OF MINORS
Force, Fraud, and Coercion are not required for minors
induced into commercial sex acts.
Action
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Recruits
Harbors
Transports
Provides
Obtains,
or so attempts
Purpose
• Commercial
Sex Acts
ACTION
Any one of these
Actions:
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Recruit
Harbor
Transport
Provide
Obtain
Or so attempt
Microsoft Free Images
MEANS
Force
• Physical assault
• Sexual assault, rape
• Physical confinement or isolation
Fraud
• Fraudulent employment offers
• False promises about work and living
conditions
• Withholding wages
Coercion
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Threats to life, safety, family members or others
Threats of deportation or arrest
Debt bondage
Withholding legal documents
Psychological manipulation
MEANS - FORCE
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Kidnapping
Confinement
Physical Assault
Sexual Assault, Rape
Violence
Polaris Project
MEANS - FRAUD
Microsoft Free Images
• Fraudulent employment
offers or contracts
• False promises about
work and living
conditions
• False promises of
education
• Withholding wages
MEANS - COERCION
• Threats of deportation or
arrest
• Blackmail
• Threats to life, person
safety, family members or
other victims
• Debt bondage
• Withholding legal
documents
• Psychological manipulation
Microsoft Free Images
PURPOSE
Commercial
Sex Acts
OR
Labor or
Services
Top: PolarisProject Department of Health and Human Services
TRUE OR FALSE
Trafficking
victims must be
foreign nationals.
Trafficking requires
state or
international
border crossing.
Trafficking victims
must be kidnapped
and/or restrained
physically.
If a victim
consented prior to
abuse or was paid,
it can still be
trafficking.
T
RUE
OR
F
ALSE
MYTHS & MISCONCEPTIONS
Trafficking victims must be foreign
nationals.
False:
Trafficking victims in a country can be
either citizens of that country or foreign
nationals.
T
RUE
OR
F
ALSE
MYTHS & MISCONCEPTIONS
Trafficking requires a state or
international border-crossing.
False:
Although transportation may be involved and
although the word connotes movement, the
legal definition of trafficking does not
require transportation.
SCOPE OF HUMAN
TRAFFICKING
SCOPE OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING
Worldwide, nearly
21 million people
are victims of
forced labor
[human trafficking]
(ILO, 2012)
CHILD SEX TRAFFICKING
U.S. and Global Estimates
•100,000 children in the sex trade
in the U.S.
•Up to 2 million children
experiencing commercial sexual
exploitation of children (CSEC)
globally
WHAT ARE SAFE HARBOR LAWS?
• Prevent Prosecution of
victims
• Ensure that “coercion” is
not required to
prosecute sex trafficking
of children
• Protect child victims by
providing specialized
services
HUMAN TRAFFICKING CASES ON
NATIONAL HOTLINE
Cases Reported to the NHTRC, 2007-2012
INTERNATIONAL CASES ON THE
NHTRC HOTLINE
Cases Reported to the NHTRC, 2007-2013
HUMAN TRAFFICKING – TYPES,
VICTIMS, TRAFFICKERS
3 CATEGORIES OF
HUMAN TRAFFICKING
Those 18 or over
induced into
commercial sex
via force, fraud or
coercion
Minors induced
into commercial
sex
Adults or minors
in forced labor or
services, bonded
labor, or
involuntary
servitude via
force, fraud, or
coercion
WHO IS VULNERABLE?
Victims of Past
Violence/Abuse
Financially
Vulnerable
Runaway and
Homeless Youth
Temporary Visa
Holders/
Undocumented
Foreign Nationals
SELECTED EXAMPLES FROM RECENT
CASES
United States Department of State
• Foreign National men with
legal status and work visas
• Homeless men, U.S. citizen
and foreign nationals
• Citizens and Foreign
Nationals with disabilities
• Runaway: 12-year old US
citizen girl
• Young women and girls
from impoverished areas
of Mexico
RECRUITMENT
United States Department of State
“Girls who ran away
from home or were put
out by their parents.
Ladies who were pretty
but were on welfare, drop
outs, you know you can
smell desperation. If she
is hungry, she will go.”
-Former Pimp
WHO ARE THE TRAFFICKERS?
Traffickers are people who exploit others for profit
Microsoft Free Images
• Any demographic
• Individuals and groups
• Street gangs and organized
crime
• Businesses or contractors
• Different levels of
organization and
centralization
ECONOMICS 101: DEMAND
Where there is a demand,
there will be a supply…
• Multiple types of “demand”
• Sex – Pimps, brothel owners, strip club
owners, escort services “demand”
• Sex – Customers demand commercial sex
• Labor – Businesses “demand” workers
• Labor – Consumers “demand” cheap
products
Customer
Trafficker
Victim
“JOHNS” - WHO BUYS SEX?
1 out of every 5
to 6 adult men in
the U.S. admit to
having purchased
commercial sex.
What rates are
present in other
countries?
United States Department of State
WHO DEMANDS?
Corporations/
Government
Small Businesses
• Low-cost labor &
raw materials
• Low-cost labor
Households
• Domestic workers
• Low-cost labor
Individuals
• Commercial sex
• Goods & services
SEX TRAFFICKING
WHERE DOES SEX TRAFFICKING OCCUR?
• Street Prostitution
• Commercial Front &
Residential Brothels
• Pornography &
Stripping
• Escort Services
• Internet “Web-cam”
• Online
• Where Else??
LABOR TRAFFICKING
WHERE DOES LABOR TRAFFICKING
OCCUR?
United States Department of State
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Agriculture
Construction
Domestic Work
Peddling/Begging
Traveling Sales Crews
Drug Trafficking
Bonded Labor
Where Else?
LABOR TRAFFICKING VS. EXPLOITATION
Force, Fraud,
Coercion
Limited freedom
to move
No freedom
to leave
Unfair
Wages
&
Freedom to move
Poor living
Freedom to leave
and working
conditions
VULNERABILITY
-Sathaporn Pornsrisirisak
Creative Commons: Wakx
RECRUITMENT: SATHAPORN’S STORY
-Sathaporn Pornsrisirisak
Microsoft Free Images
SATHAPORN’S STORY
LIVING AND WORKING CONDITIONS
-Sathaporn
Pornsrisirisak
Microsoft Free Images
SATHAPORN’S STORY
ESCAPE
-Sathaporn Pornsrisirisak
Microsoft Free Images
IDENTIFYING AND
UNDERSTANDING VICTIMS
VICTIM IDENTIFICATION
INDICATORS: TRAFFICKING
Under 18 and providing
commercial sex
Not free to leave/come and
go as he or she wishes
Owes a large debt, unable
to pay it off
Recruited through false
promises
Signs of physical and/or
sexual abuse
INDICATORS: LABOR TRAFFICKING
Confined to the workplace or
employer provided housing
Owes a large debt, unable
to pay it off
Is not in control of his/her
own ID documents
Recruited through false
promises
Unpaid, paid very little,
paid only in tips
INDICATORS: CHILD SEX TRAFFICKING
Under 18 and providing
commercial sex
Evidence of controlling or
dominating relationships
Signs of physical and/or
sexual abuse
Online presence that
indicates sexual activity
Unexplained new
purchases or services
RED FLAGS: SEX TRAFFICKING (ADULTS)
Is in the commercial sex
industry and has a “manager”
Signs of physical and/or
sexual abuse
Not in control of own
money/finances
Not in control of own
ID documents
Sexually explicit online
profiles
NATIONAL HUMAN
TRAFFICKING RESOURCE
CENTER (NHTRC)
24/7 TOLL-FREE NATIONAL HOTLINE
1-888-373-7888
HOTLINE OVERVIEW
24/7
Hotline
All 50 U.S.
States +
Territories
172
Languages
Confidential
NHTRC FUNCTIONS
Crisis and Tip
Hotline
Resource
Center
Central Hub
National Referral
Network
Data &
Statistics
Center
NHTRC SERVICES
CRISIS RESPONSE
• Access to emergency services and safety
planning
TIP REPORTING
• Local and federal law enforcement and
specialized task forces
REFERRALS
• Shelter, legal services, counseling, and
therapy
TRAINING
&TECHNICAL
ASSISTANCE
• Informational resources and training tools
on emerging topics and trends
WHAT TO EXPECT
Polaris Project
• Speak to a trained Call
Specialist 24/7
• To speak in your native
language
• To be asked: who, what,
when, where
• A choice to leave callback
information or remain
anonymous
NHTRC TOOLS
 Database of over 2,700 comprehensive social service,
law enforcement and training referrals
 Resource Library of general information and
training materials on diverse topics related to human
trafficking
 208 Specialized city and state-based emergency
referral & reporting protocols
 Case tracking database - ability to generate
statistical reports on call trends for every single record
(75,000)
CALL TYPES
HOW YOU CAN HELP
CURRENT GLOBAL PROJECT
• Mapping and Documenting every single antitrafficking hotline anywhere in the world
• Connecting with every hotline and building
relationships
• Offering training, and new technologies to antitrafficking hotlines
• Building the Global Human Trafficking Hotline
Network (GHTHN)
CONTACTING THE NHTRC
Call Us 24/7: 1-888-373-7888
Email: nhtrc@polarisproject.org
Report a Tip Online or Access Resources:
www.traffickingresourcecenter.org
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