L ANGUAGE
Laylan

T OPONYMS


4 types

Changing : show power to wipe out past.

Post Colonial: Arise when there is a change of power; African colonies

Post Revolution: When there is a power change through coups and revolutions; Belgian Congo, Zaire,
Democratic republic of the Congo

Memorial: Change names in remembrance of an important person or event, MLK streets around the
USA.

C HANGING T OPONYMS
This picture represents the attempt of the welsh people to save and display their language. They created an incredibly long word that only the majority of Welsh people can pronounce.

P OST -C OLONIAL
This picture shows the naming of
Africa during
European imperialism. No regard is given to ethnic or language barriers, a direct cause of present
African tension and genocide.

P OST COLONIAL
This map is of a more modern
Africa with more attention to different culture traits.
Many of the toponyms have changed from the colonization time period.

P OST -R EVOLUTION
The whole colored region used to be the USSR, but then was broken up into the Slavic nations and
Russia, showing the name change with the power transfer.

M EMORIAL
This street is a memorial toponym because it bears the name of an influential Pakistani man in Germany

C OMMODIFICATION

Popular culture has created the need for people to give “brand names” to areas to basically make money

The belief is that the familiarity of the brand name will boost sales, people want to go to a tourist destinations.

McDonald's, Disney World, Starbucks, and Wal-mart outside the USA are all examples of Commodification

C OMMODIFICATION - D ISNEY W ORLD USA
Disney world is shown here in its idealistic form, the castle and full of excited happy tourists.

C OMMODIFICATION - D ISNEY W ORLD
P ARIS
No real difference lies between that of
Disney world in Paris and USA, this shows an important aspect of commodification:
Stereotyping.

H OW DO LANGUAGES DIFFUSE ?

No one knows how exactly languages diffused, but many people trace it from one of the 3 language hearths to Europe.

H OW DO LANGUAGES DIFFUSE ?
Anatolian
Fertile crescent

3 Hearths

Anatolian

Fertile crescent-
Eastern and Western
Arcs

W HAT STARTED IT ALL ?

The language family that has the most broad range of speakers is the Proto-
Indo-
European
Language

W HAT STARTED IT ALL ?

The divergence of languages can be attributed to sound shifts, Slight changes in the pronunciation of words that can, over time, cause them to create entirely new languages.

H OW DID THEY ACTUALLY DIFFUSE ?

There are several theories on how the languages actually diffused.

Conquest theory


Dispersal Hypothesis
Agricultural

C ONQUEST THEORY

First speakers of the P-I-E language spread from their hearth, spreading their language to the people they overtook

D ISPERSAL HYPOTHESIS

The P-I-E language was carried from its hearth to SW Asia,
Caspian Sea, then across south eastern Russia to
Southern Europe.

A GRICULTURAL H YPOTHESIS

The P-I-E language diffused westward through Europe along with farming/

W HAT ARE SOME OTHER MAIN LANGUAGES
OF E UROPE ?

The major language sub-families are Romance ,
Germanic, and Slavic

R OMANCE L ANGUAGES

Languages of the Old
Roman empire

G ERMANIC


Are mostly around the outskirts of the roman empire.
English, German, Danish, Norwegian, and
Swedish are all examples.