Chapter 4
Tissues
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End of Chapter 4
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Tissues
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Groups of cells with common embryonic
origin and functions
4 basic types:
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Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous
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Epithelial Tissue
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Cells lie close together in continuous sheets
with little extracellular material
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Cover surfaces and line cavities; always a free
(apical) surface
Forms glands
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Basement membrane of connective tissue
underlies epithelium
Has no blood vessels (is avascular)
Has a nerve supply
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Has a high capacity for cell division
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Categories- Table 4.1
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Arrangement of cells in layers
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Simple epithelium: 1 layer of cells
Stratified Epithelium: more than 1 layer of cells
Cell Shapes
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Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
Transitional (change shape)
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Simple Epithelium
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Squamous= single layer of flat cells.
Important for filtration (kidneys) or diffusion
(lungs, capillaries)
Called endothelium when lining heart, blood
and lymphatic vessels
Called mesothelium when in serous
membranes
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Simple Squamous Epithelium
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Single layer of flat cells
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Simple Squamous Epithelium
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Single layer of flat cells
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Simple Squamous Epithelium
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Single layer of flat cells
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Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
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Cube-shaped cells, rounded nuclei
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Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
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Cube-shaped cells, rounded nuclei
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Simple Columnar Epithelium
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May be cilated or noncilated
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Simple Columnar Epithelium
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May be cilated or noncilated
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Simple Columnar Epithelium
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May be cilated or noncilated
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Simple Columnar Epithelium
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May be cilated or noncilated
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Pseudostratified Columnar
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Appears stratified; nuclei at various levels
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Pseudostratified Columnar
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Appears stratified; nuclei at various levels
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Stratified Squamous Epithelium
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Apical layer cells are flat
Deep layers vary from cuboidal to columnar
Cells in the basal layer divide and move
upward toward apical surface
Found in areas of surface wear and tear
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Stratified Squamous Epithelium
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Stratified Squamous Epithelium
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Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
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Rare
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Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
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Rare
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Stratified Columnar Epithelium
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Rare
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Stratified Columnar Epithelium
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Rare
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Transitional Epithelium
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Variable in appearance; cells can stretch
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Transitional Epithelium
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Variable in appearance; cells can stretch
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Glandular Epithelium-Endocrine
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Glandular Epithelium-Endocrine
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Glandular Epithelium-Exocrine
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Glandular Epithelium-Exocrine
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Connective Tissue
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Most abundant tissue type; typically found
between other tissues
Small cells far apart with large amount of
extracellular material (matrix)
Cell types are diverse as is matrix
produced by these cells
Diverse functions that vary by specific
tissue type
Has good blood supply; exception:
cartilage is avascular
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Connective Tissue Cells Vary with
Tissue Type
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Fibroblasts: present in several tissues
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Macrophages: formed from monocytes
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Secrete fibers & ground substance
Engulf bacteria and cell debris by phagocytosis
Plasma cells: develop from B lymphocytes
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Make antibodies
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Connective Tissue Cells
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Mast cells: near blood cells
 Part of an inflammatory reaction:
produce histamine that dilates blood
vessels
Adipocytes: fat cells or adipose cells
 Store triglycerides (fat) for energy and
provide protection
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Extracellular Matrix
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Fluid, gel or solid plus protein fibers
Ground substance found between cells and
fibers
Fibers: 3 types
Collagen fibers: very strong and flexible
Elastic fibers: smaller stretch and return to
original length
Reticular fibers: provide support and
strength
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Found in basement membranes and organ
support
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Connective Tissue
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Loose Connective Tissue
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Areolar
Adipose
Reticular
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Areola Connective Tissue
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Areola Connective Tissue
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Adipose Tissue
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Adipose Tissue
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Reticular Connective Tissue
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Reticular Connective Tissue
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Classification
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Dense Connective tissue
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Dense regular
Dense irregular
Elastic
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Dense Regular Connective Tissue
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Dense Regular Connective Tissue
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Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
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Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
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Elastic Connective Tissue
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Elastic Connective Tissue
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Cartilage
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Dense network of collagen and elastic fibers
embedded in chondroitin sulfate
Stronger than dense fibrous connective tissue
Cells: chondrocytes
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Very few; occur singly or in groups
Found in spaces called lacunae within matrix
Has no blood vessels or nerves
Surrounded by perichondrium which does have
blood vessels and nerves
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Classification: Cartilage
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Types
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Hyaline: appears clear because fibers are not
easily visible
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Fibrocartilage: fibers visible
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Example: at ends of long bones, fetal skeleton
Strongest type
Example: vertebral discs, knee cartilages (menisci)
Elastic: chondrocytes in threadlike elastic
network
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Example: ear cartilage
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Hyaline Cartilage
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Hyaline Cartilage
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Fibrocartilage
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Fibrocartilage
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Elastic Cartilage
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Elastic Cartilage
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Bone: Osseous Tissue
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Forms most of the skeleton
Supports, protects, and allows movements;
site of blood formation and storage of
minerals
Dense matrix made rigid by calcium and
phosphorus salts
Details in Chapter 6
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Liquid Connective Tissue
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Blood: found within blood vessels
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Matrix is plasma
Cells: red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
More in chapter 14
Lymph: found within lymph vessels
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Matrix is lymph: similar to plasma but with much
less protein
Some white blood cells
More in chapter 17
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Body Membranes: Four Types
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Mucous membranes: line body cavities
and passageways open to the exterior
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Secrete mucus
Serous membranes: line closed cavities
and surrounds organs located there
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Serous fluid reduces friction
Parietal and visceral layers
Pleura (around lungs), pericardium (around
heart), peritoneum (around abdominal
organs)
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Body Membranes: Four Types
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Synovial membranes: line cavities of
most joints
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Made of connective tissues (no epithelium)
Secrete synovial fluid that reduces friction
and lubricates and nourishes cartilage
Cutaneous membranes: skin (chapter 5)
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Muscular Tissue
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Functions
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Cells
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Produce movements, release heat
Elongated, contractile (called muscle fibers)
ThreeTypes
Skeletal muscle: pulls on bones allowing
body movements
 Cardiac muscle: forms wall of heart; pumps
blood through blood vessels
 Smooth muscle: found in walls of hollow
organs such as stomach and bladder
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Nervous Tissue
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Functions: conduct nerve impulses
Types of cells
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Neurons: convert stimuli into nerve impulses and
conduct them
Neuroglia: do not generate nerve impulses, but
serve supportive functions
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Tissue Repair
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New cells from stroma or parenchyma
Epithelial cells originate from stem cells in
defined areas of tissue layer
Bone regenerates readily, cartilage poorly
Muscular tissue can replace cells but slowly
Nerve tissue is poorest at replacement
although some stem cells seem to be
available
Replacement from stroma  scar tissue with
functional loss.
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