Promoting Safety and Health
The Challenges of Human Resources Management
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1–1
Chapter Objectives
After studying this chapter, you should be able to
LEARNING OUTCOME 1
LEARNING OUTCOME 2
LEARNING OUTCOME 3
LEARNING OUTCOME 4
LEARNING OUTCOME 5
Summarize the general provisions of the Occupational
Safety and Health Act (OSHA).
Describe the measures managers and employees can take
to create a safe work environment.
Identify ways to control and eliminate various on-the-job
health hazards.
Describe the programs organizations utilize to build better
health among their workforces.
Indicate the methods for coping with job stress.
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Safety and Health: It’s the Law
• Consider these facts:





In 2009, 3.6 million private-sectors workers suffered
work-related injuries and illnesses.
Back injuries, most of which occur because of
improper lifting, are the nation’s no. 1 workplace safety
problem. More than 1 million workers suffer back
injuries each year.
Each year the cost of occupational injuries and
illnesses totals more than $156 billion.
In 2009, 4,340 employees died from work accidents.
Ninety percent of fatal work injuries involve workers in
private industry.
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Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA)
of 1970
• General Provisions

To “assure the safety and health of America’s workers
by setting and enforcing standards; providing training,
outreach, and education; establishing partnerships;
and encouraging continual improvements in workplace
safety and health.”
• OSHA’s Coverage

All nongovernmental employers and employees; state
and local government employees
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OSHA Provisions
• OSHA Standards


Apply to general industry, maritime, construction,
and agriculture
Cover the workplace, machinery and equipment,
material, power sources, processing, protective
clothing, first aid, and administrative requirements
• Enforcement of the Act

The Secretary of Labor is authorized by the Act to
conduct workplace inspections, to issue citations,
and to impose penalties on employers.
– Inspections are conducted by the Occupational Safety and
Health Administration of the Department of Labor.
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Enforcing OSHA Standards
• Workplace inspections
• Citations and penalties
• On-site consultations
• Voluntary protection programs
• Training and education
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OSHA’s System of Inspection Priorities
First
Level
Inspection of imminent danger situations
Second
Level
Investigation of catastrophes, fatalities, and accidents
that result in hospitalization of five or more employees
Third
Level
Investigation of valid employee complaints of alleged
violations of standards or of unsafe or unhealthful
working conditions
Fourth
Level
Special-emphasis inspections aimed at specific highhazard industries, occupations, or substances that are
injurious to health
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Citations and Penalties
Other-ThanSerious
A violation that has a direct relationship to job safety and
health, but one unlikely to cause death or serious physical
harm. OSHA may propose a penalty of up to $7,000 for each
violation.
Serious
A violation where there is substantial probability that death or
serious physical harm could result and the employer knew, or
should have known, of the hazard. OSHA may propose a
mandatory penalty of up to $7,000 for each violation.
Willful
A violation that the employer intentionally and knowingly
commits, or a violation that the employer commits with plain
indifference to the law. OSHA may propose penalties of up to
$70,000 for each violation.
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OSHA Consultation Assistance
• Onsite Consultation
• Cooperative Programs




Alliances
Strategic Partnership Programs (SPPs)
Voluntary Protection Programs (VPPs)
Safety and Health Achievement Recognition Program
(SHARP)
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What are my responsibilities under the
OSHA Act? (cont.)
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What are my responsibilities under the
OSHA Act? (cont.)
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Incident Rate
• Incidence Rate

The number of injuries and illnesses per 100 full-time
employees during a given year where 200,000 equals
the base for 100 full-time workers who work forty
hours a week, fifty weeks a year.

Incidence rate =
Number of injuries and illnesses × 200,000
Total hours worked by all employees during the period covered
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Promoting a Safe Work Environment
• Creating a Culture of Safety



Interviewing for Safety and Fitness-for-Duty Tests
The Key Role of the Supervisor
Proactive Safety Training Programs
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Creating a Culture of Safety
• Promoting Safety Awareness

The Key Role of the Supervisor
– Communicating the need to work safely.

Proactive Safety Training Program
– First aid, defensive driving, accident prevention
techniques, hazardous materials, and emergency procedures.

Information Technology and Safety Awareness
and Training
– Enhanced delivery modes
– Customization of training needs
– Regulatory instruction
• OSHA’s Web-based eTools
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Creating a Culture of Safety (cont.)
• Typical Safety Rules

Using proper safety devices

Using proper work procedures

Following good housekeeping practices

Complying with accident- and injury-reporting
procedures

Wearing required safety clothing and equipment

Avoiding carelessness and horseplay
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Enforcing Safety Rules
• Ways to involve and engage employees in
company safety programs…..
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Jointly set safety standards with managers,
participate in safety training,
Help design and implement special safety training
programs,
Establish safety incentives and rewards, and
Be involved in accident investigations.
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An Example of an OSHA Quick Card
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Investigating and Recording Accidents
• Recordable Case

Any occupational death, illness, or injury to be
recorded in the log (OSHA Form 300).

Recordable accidents include: death, days away from
work, restricted work or transfer to another job, or
medical treatment beyond first aid.

Other problems include loss of consciousness or
diagnosis of a significant injury or illness by a
healthcare professional.
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Safety Hazards and Issues
• Fatigue
• Distracted Driving
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Safety Hazards and Issues
• Workplace Violence

Any physical assault, threatening behavior, or verbal abuse
occurring in the work setting. It includes, but is not limited
to, beatings, stabbings, suicides, shootings, rapes, near
suicides, psychological traumas such as threats, obscene
phone calls, an intimidating presence, and harassment of
any nature such as being followed, sworn at, or shouted at.
• According to OSHA, more than two million nonfatal
workplace violence incidents are reported annually in
the form of assaults, robberies, thefts, hostage
takings, hijackings, rapes, and sexual attacks.
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Safety Hazards and Issues (cont.)
• Reducing Violence in the Workplace

Management commitment to and employee involvement
in preventing acts of violence

Analyzing the workplace to uncover areas of potential
violence

Preventing and controlling violence by designing safe
workplaces and work practices

Providing violence prevention training throughout the
organization

Evaluating violence program effectiveness
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Safety Hazards and Issues (cont.)
• Workplace Emergencies









Floods
Hurricanes
Tornadoes
Fires
Toxic gas releases
Chemical spills
Radiological accidents
Explosions
Civil disturbances and terrorism
• OSHA requires companies to have emergency
action plans to deal with incidents such as these.
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Terrorism
• To deter terrorist attacks:







Heighten ID checks and baggage screening
Increase video monitoring with threat-recognition
software to back up human surveillance
Install blast-resistant glass to reduce casualties
Have offsite emergency offices
Tighten garage security with stepped-up inspections
Stagger deliveries to reduce truck traffic
Develop emergency evacuation procedures,
including escape routes, emergency equipment,
and gathering locations
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Safety Hazards and Issues (cont.)
• Crisis Management Teams




Composed of hourly and managerial employees
Work in conjunction with HR to conduct initial risk
assessment surveys
Develop emergency action plans
Perform crisis intervention during emergency events
• Mandate



Gather facts about threat
Decide if organization should intervene
Determine most appropriate method
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Learning.
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May not
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in whole
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Emergency Readiness Checklist (cont.)
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Creating a Healthy Work Environment
• Ergonomics
• Health Hazards and Issues


Cumulative Trauma Disorders
Computer Workstation Issues
– Visual difficulties
– Muscular aches and pains
– Job stress



Chemical Hazards
Smoking and Tobacco Smoke
Bloodborne Pathogens
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© 2012
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2012Cengage
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Building Better Physical and Emotional Health
among Employees
• Wellness and Weight Issues
• Job Stress and Burnout




High demand
High effort
Low control
Low reward
• Depression
• Alcoholism
• Drug Abuse
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Tips for Reducing Job-Related Stress
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Drug Abuse
• Federal antidrug initiatives include the following:

The Drug-Free Workplace Act of 1988, which requires
federal contractors and recipients of federal grants to take
specific steps to ensure a drug-free work environment.

Department of Defense (DOD) contract rules, which specify
that employers entering into contracts with the DOD must
agree to a clause certifying their intention to maintain a
drug-free workplace.

Department of Transportation (DOT) regulations, which
require that employees whose jobs include safety- or
security-related duties be tested for illegal drug use under
DOT rules.
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© 2012
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Key Terms
• burnout
• cumulative trauma disorders
• depression
• distress
• eustress
• Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs)
• recordable case
• right-to-know laws
• stress
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Chapter 12 - Learning Outcomes
Learning Outcome Statements
Related Outcomes from Body of the Text
1
Summarize the general provisions of the
Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA).
Most employers naturally hate to see their workers hurt or injured. Why
then, do you think, so many safety and health laws have been enacted?
Would individual employers or groups of employers be in a better position
than the government to implement agreed-upon health and safety
measures for their industries? Why or why not?
2
Describe the measures managers and
employees can take to create a safe work
environment.
Discuss some of the safety programs at your college. In what ways do
you think they might be similar to safety programs in the workplace? In
what ways might they be different?
3
Identify ways to control and eliminate various
on-the-job health hazards.
How are health and safety related? If your workplace is safe, does that
mean it is also healthy? Why or why not?
4
Describe the programs organizations utilize to
build better health among their workforces.
How would you describe the physical and emotional health of the people
you work with or have worked with in the past? What role do employers
play when it comes to the emotional health of their workers?
5
Indicate the methods for coping with job stress.
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