History of ‘Europe’ Through Its
Treaties
 Treaty of Paris (1951)
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European Coal and Steel Community
Common Market in Coal and Steel
Competition Policy (anti-Cartel)
High Authority
 Treaty of Rome (1957)
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European Economic Community (“Common
Market”)
 Common Market in All Traded Goods
European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom)
History of ‘Europe’ Through Its
Treaties (cont’d)
 Single European Act (1986)
 Single Market by 1992
 Treaty of Maastricht (1992)
 Creation of the European Union
 Single Currency Plan
 European Citizenship
 Treaty of Amsterdam (1997)
 Upgraded Maastricht, in the direction of ever closer
union and more democratic governance
 Treaty of Nice (2000)
 Reform of Institutions to Enable Enlargement
Treaty of Rome
1957
 Title: Treaty Establishing the European
Economic Community
 Intent (art. 2): “The Community has the
mission, by the institution of a common market
and by the progressive bringing together
[rapprochement] of the economic policies of the
Member States, of promoting a harmonious
development of economic activity in the totality
of the Community, a continuous and balanced
expansion, increased stability, accelerated
raising of living standards, and closer relations
among the States that it unites.”
Aims of the Treaty
(art. 3)
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
j)
k)
Eliminate tariffs and quotas on merchandise traded among Member States
Establish a common external tariff and a common trade policy towards nonMember States
Abolish obstacles to the free movement of persons, services and capital among
Member States
Inaugurate a common agricultural policy
Inaugurate a common transport policy
Establish conditions insuring no distortion of competition within the Common
Market
Apply procedures enabling the coordination of economic policies of the Member
States and provisions for disequilibria in their balance of payments
Bring together [rapprochement] national legislation to the extent necessary for the
functioning of the Common Market
Create a European Social Fund, for the purpose of improving employment
opportunities for workers and contributing to the rise in their standard of living
Establish a European Investment Bank, destined to facilitate the economic
expansion of the Community by the creation of new resources
Associate overseas countries and territories, with the intention of increasing
exchanges and pursuing in common the effort of economic and social
development
Treaty Headings
Principles
Foundations of the Community
Free movement of goods
Agriculture
Free movement of persons, services and capital
Transport
Policy of the Community
Common Rules
Rules of Competition, etc.
Economic Policy
Social Policy
European Investment Bank
Association of Overseas Countries and Territories
Institutions of the Community
Treaty of Maastricht
1992
 Title: Treaty on European Union
 Intent (Title I, art. A): “By the present treaty, the
High Contracting Parties establish among
themselves a European Union, hereafter
referred to as “Union.”
“The present treaty marks a new stage
in the process creating an ever closer (sans
cesse etroite) union among the peoples of
Europe, in which the decisions are taken as
close as possible to the citizens.”
Treaty of Maastricht (cont’d)
 Intent (cont’d): “The Union is based on
the European Communities completed
by the policies and forms of cooperation
established by the present Treaty. It has
for its mission the organization, in a
coherent and collaborative [solidaire]
manner, of relations among the Member
States and their peoples.”
Aims of the Treaty
(Title I, art. B)
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Promote balanced and durable economic and social progress, by means of : an
internal space without borders; economic and social cohesion; and the
establishment of an economic and monetary union, leading to a single currency;
Affirm its identity on the international scene, notably by putting into place a
common foreign and security policy, including the definition of a policy of
common defense, which might lead, at the appropriate time, to a common
defense;
Establish a citizenship of the Union, and thereby strengthen the protection of the
rights and interests of Member State nationals;
Develop a close cooperation in the area of justice and interior affairs;
Maintain in their entirety the acquis communautaire and to develop it in order to
examine, in conformity with the procedure envisaged by article N, paragraph 2,
to what extent the policies and the forms of cooperation instituted by the present
treaty should be revised with the goal of insuring the effectiveness of community
mechanisms and institutions;
“The aims of the Union are attained conforming to the provisions of the present treaty,
in the conditions and according to the rhythms which are therein anticipated,
while respecting the principle of subsidiarity such as it is defined in article 3 B of
the treaty establishing the European Community.”
Aims of the Treaty
(Title II, art. G)
“The treaty instituting the European Economic Community is
modified conforming to the provisions of the present article in
order to institute a European Community.”
“The terms ‘European Economic Community’ are replaced by the
terms ‘European Community’”
“The Community has for its mission, by the establishment of a
common market and an economic and monetary union, and by
putting into effect the common policies and actions envisaged in
articles 3 and 3A, the promotion of harmonious and balanced
development of economic activities in the entire Community, a
durable and non-inflationary growth respecting the environment,
a high degree of convergence of economic performance, a high
level of employment and social protection, the raising of the
level and quality of life, economic and social cohesion and
solidarity among the Member States.”
Treaty Headings
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Common Provisions
Provisions Establishing the European Community
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Revisions of “Principles” (Part I of Treaty of Rome)
Citizenship of the Union (Part II added)
Policies of the Community (Merger and Revision of Parts II and III of
Treaty of Rome)
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Common Rules on Competition, Taxation and Convergence [Rapprochement]
of Legislation
Economic and Monetary Policy
Common Trade Policy
Social Policy, Education, Professional Training, and Youth
Culture
Public Health
Protection of Consumers …
Economic and Social Cohesion
Research and Technological Development
Environment
Cooperation in Development
Treaty Headings (cont’d)
 Provisions Establishing the European
Community (cont’d)
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Revisions of Articles on Community Institutions
(Part V of Treaty of Rome)
 Provisions Modifying the Treaty Instituting the
European Coal and Steel Community
 Provisions Modifying the European Atomic
Energy Community
 Provisions Concerning a Common Foreign and
Security Policy
 Provisions on Cooperation in the Domains of
Justice and Interior (Home) Affairs
Lessons
 Europe United in “Stages” – back and forth
 Movement Forward (1951, 1957, 1986)
 No Movement, or Backsliding (1974-85)
 Eurosclerosis
 A multi-layered and multi-sectoral process
 A certain kind of:
 Trading economy (“Single Market”)
 Common policies (CAP, competition, etc.)
 Unified voice as global actor
 Single currency (EURO)
 Social agenda
 European identity
About this course….
 “A history” but one that happens now
 “A historical method” – total immersion process
 A comprehensive view
 Some background but not enough for expertise
 Deep exposure on several levels
 Documents and sources
 European Union processes – law-making
 Direct access to “what’s happening” and “what’s
out there” on the most authoritative levels
 Direct communications from Europe
 A “doing history” approach
End results (hopefully)…
 Familiarity with European Union and European
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integration as process and as complex of “things” (issues,
policies, institutions, etc.)
A deep sense of how the European Union operates in
practice
The basics of a “Euro-language”
The variety of the sources “out there” to investigate
Europe uniting, and how to identify, access, and make
intelligent use of these sources
The experience of “doing history” and “being European”
(at the official level especially) by “hands-on” practice
with European documents
Our Website, Our Listserve
 http://img.uoregon.edu/euro410/
 europa@lists.uoregon.edu