INTRODUCTIONS
Supporting Integrated and Comprehensive Approaches to Climate Change Adaptation in Africa
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Relationship Development After Fukuyama adapted by Manley
Collaboration & Partnership
Intimacy
Trust
Respect
Knowledge
Supporting Integrated and Comprehensive Approaches to Climate Change Adaptation in Africa
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EXPECTATIONS
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Acquire knowledge
Gain experience – project design
Knowledge for practice
Get skills
Improve working capacity
Build capacity for implementation
Learn lessons for management
Implementation experience and
application
Leadership skills and technical
understanding
Deeper understanding to optimise
Establish networks
Improve knowledge
Country achievement
Enhance leadership – and apply
knowledge to country
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Improve leadership skills and interaction
Equip for service delivery more effectively
Fast track for effective delivery
Understand how to move programme
forward
Learn how to deliver in short time
Leadership skills
Get AAP inputs to reach targets
Learn – cross cutting issues
Help to grow professionally
Improve as manager and ideas on how to
handle government
Upgrade leadership
Dev Leadership and learn from others
Learn Success
Networking and sharing
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RULES
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Network
Share experience
Take best practice and influence
others
Share from different projects
Interaction
Interaction
Make plans for implementation
Implementation ideas
Consistent participation
Personal engagement
Open communication
Interactive
Respect each other’s Opinion
Democratic free speech
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Participation and sharing knowledge
Interaction
Everybody contributes
Share personal experience
Accommodate everyone’s opinion
All inputs are valid
Positive contribution
Socialising – AFTER HOURS
Learn from colleagues
Respect and help each other
Discipline to learn from others
Communication to share experience
Sharing
Commitment
Supporting Integrated and Comprehensive Approaches to Climate Change Adaptation in Africa
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Organizational Problem Solving
Finding Solutions Rather Than
Excuses
Supporting Integrated and Comprehensive Approaches to Climate Change Adaptation in Africa
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What is a Problem?
•Something that is happening that shouldn’t be
•Something that is not happening that should be
•Something that is happening and should be
happening but is not happening at the desired
level or rate
Supporting Integrated and Comprehensive Approaches to Climate Change Adaptation in Africa
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Problems Occur in Successful
Organizations
• Healthy organizations have problems
• Problems are the continuous process of
improvement
• Problem solving can lead to unique innovative
solutions that improve overall organizational
performance
Supporting Integrated and Comprehensive Approaches to Climate Change Adaptation in Africa
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Solve for the Future
• Accept the present
• Solve for the future
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Confirm That You
Have the Real Problem
The solution is usually relatively simple
and obvious …
when you know the real problem
Supporting Integrated and Comprehensive Approaches to Climate Change Adaptation in Africa
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State the Problem –
Not the Solution
State the observable situation
Is there support for your observations?
Do others concur on the importance of the
problem?
State the problem in simple (outcome)
terms
Supporting Integrated and Comprehensive Approaches to Climate Change Adaptation in Africa
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Exercise 1
Working in groups of two or three people
(Country Specific)
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Identify 2 serious problems with your
project/s
write the problem statement showing the
observations
Write a statement of a desired future state
Supporting Integrated and Comprehensive Approaches to Climate Change Adaptation in Africa
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Cause and Effect Diagram
Supporting Forces
Desired
Future
State
Hindering Forces
(Problems)
Supporting Integrated and Comprehensive Approaches to Climate Change Adaptation in Africa
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Why are things like this?
Cause
Effect
Action
Consequence
To break the cycle, change the Action
Supporting Integrated and Comprehensive Approaches to Climate Change Adaptation in Africa
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Finding the Source Problems
Ask “WHY” – Seven Times
Approach the cause-effect discussion like
a child and ask ‘WHY”
You will rarely need to go beyond seven
times
Supporting Integrated and Comprehensive Approaches to Climate Change Adaptation in Africa
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Exercise 2
Process Flow Chart
Individual Exercise
• Trace back from an identified problem
• Draw the process to see who or what is
involved
• Remove them/it and see what occurs
• Trace the ‘next’ steps that are affected
Supporting Integrated and Comprehensive Approaches to Climate Change Adaptation in Africa
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Example 1
• Imagine that several people in the room say
that they are cold
• Is the problem ‘no heat’ or a ‘lack of heat’
• What might the cause be?
Example 2
• A man was hurt falling from his bicycle
• Is the problem ‘not wearing a helmet’ or
‘speeding to fast on the bike’ or ‘the wheels
were loose’?
• What might the root cause be?
Supporting Integrated and Comprehensive Approaches to Climate Change Adaptation in Africa
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Ask
• Ask questions from at least two points of view
• Swap things around to gain insight and check
perspective
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Seek Knowledge – Not blame
• When people are afraid that they may be
blamed they will not share what they know
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Seek the Root Causes
• Avoid the desire to treat symptoms or
secondary issues
• Seek the root cause of the problem
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Exercise 3
1. Working in the same country groups, take
your problem statements and develop a
cause and effect diagram
2. Seek the root causes by asking the “Why”
questions
3. State the actions or behaviour that is the
root cause
4. How would the Problem be solved if the
action was changed
Supporting Integrated and Comprehensive Approaches to Climate Change Adaptation in Africa
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Be Ready to Look
in the Mirror
• Many times the leader is the source of the
problem
• Many times the leader is the blockage to the
solution or the work being effectively done
• Pogo’s statement that ‘we have met the
enemy and he is us’ is appropriate in many
organizations
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Seek Wisdom
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Knowledge comes from outside of the system
Look beyond the obvious
Ask the people involved
Look for a different perspective
Go beyond just the facts and information
Supporting Integrated and Comprehensive Approaches to Climate Change Adaptation in Africa
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Data to Wisdom
DATA
©Manley
Supporting Integrated and Comprehensive Approaches to Climate Change Adaptation in Africa
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Dialogue and Discussion
• Use metaphors and analogies to help describe ideas
and concepts
For example :
– Its like a tree that needs to grow …….
– Its like a blockage in the traffic ……..
– Its like Galileo and his telescope ………
• The ‘real’ benefit in the problem solving process may
be the process itself
Supporting Integrated and Comprehensive Approaches to Climate Change Adaptation in Africa
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Exercise 4
• Working in the same groups of two or three people,
take the problem, cause and effect diagram and
examine how the process ‘players’ (could be you)
may be causing their own problem without realizing
it
• If the ‘players’ are not part of the cause then defend
why this is true (may well be true)
Supporting Integrated and Comprehensive Approaches to Climate Change Adaptation in Africa
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Occam’s (Ockham’s) Razor and Parsimony
• If there are multiple solutions – the
simplest is best
• Be as simple as possible and still not lose
effectiveness
Supporting Integrated and Comprehensive Approaches to Climate Change Adaptation in Africa
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Try a Solution
• There is usually more than one answer or
solution
• Set the scene and objectives to try one that
most of the people in the group think will
work
• Full commitment to a partial solution
will yield more results than weak
commitment to a great solution
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The Learning Organization
Pragmatism
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Experimentation
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Experience
Experience
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Research
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Theory
Experiences
Theories &
Concepts
Awareness
Understanding & Explanation
Ideas for Change
Implementation of Ideas
Measurement and Evaluation
Development of personal perspective
for effective management
Increased Experience
(after Kolb & Senge)
Supporting Integrated and Comprehensive Approaches to Climate Change Adaptation in Africa
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The Learning Cycle (after Kolb)
ACTION
New
Situation
Planning
Review
Principle
Supporting Integrated and Comprehensive Approaches to Climate Change Adaptation in Africa
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Emerging Types of People from the
Learning Cycle
1. Pioneers – create the new situation
2. Planners – do the planning with prospective
detail
3. Activists – jump into action
4. Judges – review facts, interpret evidence and
judge outcome
5. Modellers – extricate the dynamics that
caused the outcome and form a system
based on the active principles
Supporting Integrated and Comprehensive Approaches to Climate Change Adaptation in Africa
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Role of Negotiation
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Solutions may require negotiating
Seek to understand the needs and wants
Let the solution(s) develop from the dialogue
Strive for the Win/Win outcome
Don’t settle for destructive conflict
Don’t settle for superficial agreement
Supporting Integrated and Comprehensive Approaches to Climate Change Adaptation in Africa
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Integrative Techniques
• Look for ‘outside of the box’ solutions and
ideas
• Seek to meet the interests of the other party
in such a manner that it is worth the other
party’s efforts to meet your interests
Supporting Integrated and Comprehensive Approaches to Climate Change Adaptation in Africa
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Exercise 4
• Working in the same groups of two or three
take the role of different departments or
‘players’ in the cause and effect of the
problem and negotiate using integrative
negotiation techniques
Supporting Integrated and Comprehensive Approaches to Climate Change Adaptation in Africa
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Force Field Analysis (after Kurt Lewin)
GOOD
BAD
REDUCE
RESTRAINERS
SUPPORT
MONITOR
REDUCE
DRIVERS
A Little
A Lot
ACTION or DEVOTION
DRIVERS
RESTRAINERS
Supporting Integrated and Comprehensive Approaches to Climate Change Adaptation in Africa
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Exercise 5
Using the Force Field analysis:
• Identify a causal situation to your problem
• Is the situation one where role players do too little
of what is good?
• OR is the situation one where role players do too
much of what is bad?
• Identify the RESTRAINERS in number 2 above and
discuss how you would reduce these restrainers
• Identify the DRIVERS in number 3 above and
discuss how you would reduce these restrainers
Supporting Integrated and Comprehensive Approaches to Climate Change Adaptation in Africa
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Supporting Integrated and Comprehensive Approaches to Climate Change Adaptation in Africa
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CHANGE
Take a chance! All of life is a chance. The
person who goes furthest is generally the
one who is willing to do and dare. The
“sure thing” boat never gets far from the
shore.
Carnegie
Supporting Integrated and Comprehensive Approaches to Climate Change Adaptation in Africa
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Change Introduction
Growth is demanded of us if we are to be
excellent
We all resist change except babies with wet nappies
Growth is impossible without change
Supporting Integrated and Comprehensive Approaches to Climate Change Adaptation in Africa
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Overview
• Why Change
• Change Agency (Paradigms)
• Responses to Change
• Power to Change
• Identification of Needed Change
• Applications
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Change Starts Where?
Thinking is the hardest work there
is, which is probably the reason why
so few engage in it.
Henry Ford
Supporting Integrated and Comprehensive Approaches to Climate Change Adaptation in Africa
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Changing the World
To change the World
We must change what we do
To change what we do
We must change what we think
•Change your THINKING
•To Change your ACTION
•To Change your WORLD
Supporting Integrated and Comprehensive Approaches to Climate Change Adaptation in Africa
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The Source of Action
Chosen Truth
Beliefs
Values
Attitude
Behaviour
Ethics/Rules for
Success/Culture
Behaviour Patterns
Incidents & Action
Supporting Integrated and Comprehensive Approaches to Climate Change Adaptation in Africa
©Manley
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Supporting Integrated and Comprehensive Approaches to Climate Change Adaptation in Africa
Integrity - Consistent, inside out
Beliefs
Values
Attitude
Behaviour
A person has integrity
when behaviour,
attitudes,
values and beliefs are
consistent.
An Integrated
Person
(from the Latin Integer)
Supporting Integrated and Comprehensive Approaches to Climate Change Adaptation in Africa
©Manley
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How Do We Change
Inside out – Significant Emotional Experience
or
Outside in
S.E.E.
Spirit
Beliefs
Values
Attitude
Behaviour
Adoption
Integration
Reinforcement/Repetition
Exposure
Supporting Integrated and Comprehensive Approaches to Climate Change Adaptation in Africa
©Manley
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The Cycle of Response or Reaction
POSITIVE
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FEEL THINK
ACT
Beliefs
Values
Attitude
ACTION
Behaviour
NEGATIVE
Supporting Integrated and Comprehensive Approaches to Climate Change Adaptation in Africa
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©Manley
What to Change?
• The foundation to a new world is a new morality
• Believing / perceiving in truth what is good or
bad
• Creating new values for success based a new
world
• Reinforcing the better way
Supporting Integrated and Comprehensive Approaches to Climate Change Adaptation in Africa
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Change and Conformity
Why be different?
The comfort of predictability seduces us
away from the uncertainty of change.
It also seduces us away from progress,
excellence, growth, excitement and
opportunity.
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Paradigms
• What are paradigms?
Rules, models, conventions, traditions
• When are paradigms good?
When they determine success
• When are paradigms bad?
When they stop being effective as models or
prevent us from moving on to better things
Supporting Integrated and Comprehensive Approaches to Climate Change Adaptation in Africa
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Resistance to Change
• Who resists change?
• Those who are
expert in the old
• Those who see no
success in the new
• The timid
• The uncommitted
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Personal Phases of Change
Commitment
Exploration
Resistance
Denial
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Denial Phase
• How good things were in the past
• It can’t happen here
• They don’t really mean it
• Everything as usual
attitude
• Refuse to hear new
information
Supporting Integrated and Comprehensive Approaches to Climate Change Adaptation in Africa
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Resistance Phase
• Anger
• Loss and Hurt
• Stubbornness
• Blaming others
• Complaining
• Doubting own
ability
• Sickness
Supporting Integrated and Comprehensive Approaches to Climate Change Adaptation in Africa
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Exploration Phase
• What will happen to me?
• Seeing
possibilities
• Chaos
• Indecisiveness
• Learning new skills
• Energy
Supporting Integrated and Comprehensive Approaches to Climate Change Adaptation in Africa
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Commitment Phase
• Where am I headed
• Focus
• Teamwork
• Vision
• Cooperation
• Balance
Supporting Integrated and Comprehensive Approaches to Climate Change Adaptation in Africa
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Transformation Process
0.
Leadership Discontent
Process
Predictability
Individual
Response
Comfort
Decision
Opportunity
Disaster
Exposure
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4.
Exposure
Reinforcement
Integration
Confirmation
Storm
Form
Norm
Perform
Denial
Resistance
Exploration
Commitment
Supporting Integrated and Comprehensive Approaches to Climate Change Adaptation in Africa
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©Manley
Maximise
Your
IMPACT
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HOW ARE YOU DOING ??
MAXIMUM
• Are you using your
potential?
• Are you fixing your situation as dramatically as you can?
• Have you done all you could do to improve our world –
pursuing purpose?
• Are you living your dream?
• DO YOU HAVE
IMPACT?
Supporting Integrated and Comprehensive Approaches to Climate Change Adaptation in Africa
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Understanding Impact in
Ourselves
Chosen Truth
Beliefs
Values
Attitude
Behaviour
Ethics/Paradigms
Rules for Success
Patterns of Behaviour
Incidents & Action
Supporting Integrated and Comprehensive Approaches to Climate Change Adaptation in Africa
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©Manley
Effective Impact
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Impact brings change
We can be change agents.
Or we can be complacent.
So what is the problem?
“Significant growth always takes place
outside of our comfort zones.”
Supporting Integrated and Comprehensive Approaches to Climate Change Adaptation in Africa
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The BIG Five
Questions
we must ask.
Supporting Integrated and Comprehensive Approaches to Climate Change Adaptation in Africa
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What is
our
purpose?
Where are we going?
Why are we here?
What will we do?
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Pictures of the year by NBC
Do we
really
want
this?
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Do we believe that we can get this?
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Do we
have
the
internal
power
to do
this?
Supporting Integrated and Comprehensive Approaches to Climate Change Adaptation in Africa
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Integrated and Comprehensive Approaches to Climate Change Adaptation in Africa
Do Supporting
we have
the external power to do this?66
Your Imagination
– Your Ideal Future
• What do you dream of?
– A place
– A person
– A thing
– A state
– A new world
Supporting Integrated and Comprehensive Approaches to Climate Change Adaptation in Africa
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Action for IMPACT
High
I
Dream
MaxAct
Irrelevant
Boredom
W
a
n
t
it
Low
Low
High
I Can Do It
Supporting Integrated and Comprehensive Approaches to Climate Change Adaptation in Africa
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©Manley
Power for IMPACT
High
Unrecognised
Master
MaxPower
(Rocket)
(Bomb)
Internal
Power
Low
Weakling
Position
Low
High
External Power
Supporting Integrated and Comprehensive Approaches to Climate Change Adaptation in Africa
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©Manley
Impacting to the Maximum
YES
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N
NO
Endless
Striving
MaxImpact
Release
Giving
Up
NO
YES
POWER
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©Manley
Questions to Maximise Impact
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4.
5.
6.
What is my purpose?
Do I really want to achieve my purpose?
Do I believe I can achieve it?
Do I have enough internal power?
Do I have enough external power?
How will we fix this?
7. Group discussion to Maximise Impact
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”Timid measures
will not change
a nation.”
Luis Palau
Supporting Integrated and Comprehensive Approaches to Climate Change Adaptation in Africa
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MAX POWER
+
MAX ACTION
=
MAXIMUM IMPACT
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