What is Political Socialization?
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What do we do when we “socialize?”
How are people affected by those
they socialize with?
How would we be affected
“politically” by those we socialize
with?
Political Socialization - process by which parents and others
teach children about values, beliefs and attitudes of political
culture
Agents or Influencing Factors of Political Socialization
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Family
Religious Institutions
Community – rural v. urban, North v. South, etc.
Race and Ethnicity
Social Class
Level of Education
Media
Teachers
Peer Group
National Identity
Gender
The Political Spectrum
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Where do you stand?
What is a Continuum?
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A person’s views on the issues help
determine where they fall on the
political spectrum.
The labels used on the spectrum are
not pure categories, but they make
up a continuum, or value line, and
citizens and politicians fall
somewhere on that line depending
on what they believe.
Factors That Determine Placement
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Two major factors shape political views.
The first is how much change a person is
willing to have within their society and
government.
The second deals with how much
government involvement in the economy a
person calls for.
Others also bring in the question of how
much freedom from government authority
a leader is willing to give the people.
Political Spectrum
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Radicals – These individuals on the extreme left favor basic
change accomplished through any means, even revolution.
Liberals – These individuals favor peaceful reforms.
Conservatives – These individuals prefer to leave things as they
are.
Reactionaries – These Individuals on the extreme right favor a
return to things as they were in some earlier, and presumably
better, time.
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The Political Spectrum
 Liberals
are on the left side of the political
spectrum and tend to favor progress and
reform/change.
 Conservatives are on the right side of the
political spectrum and tend to favor tradition
and limiting change.
 Moderates are in the middle and tend to
have views that are between these two
positions, perhaps with some views on one
end of the spectrum and other views on the
other end of the spectrum, dependent on the
issue.
 There
are limitations to the one-line
spectrum when determining political
ideology for an individual.
 In reality, there are two spectrums:
Social/Political
Spectrum
Economic Spectrum
 Because
there are really two spectrums,
many “ideology surveys” label a significant
portion of those who take the test as
moderate because they are measuring
standards from both spectrums, yet trying to
place it on one spectrum.
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Social and political liberals
favor limited government
regulation of individual
behavior.
Examples:
Favor
protection of offensive
language.
Oppose censorship of film,
music, etc.
Pro-choice abortion stance.
Oppose government
sponsored religious activity.
Favor protection of
homosexual rights.
Favor affirmative action
programs.
Extreme: Anarchy
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Social and political
conservatives favor broad
government regulation of
individual behavior
Examples:
Oppose
protection of
offensive language.
Favor regulation of film,
music, etc.
Pro-life abortion stance.
Favor government-facilitated
religious activity, particularly
in school.
Oppose protection of
homosexual rights.
Oppose affirmative action
programs.
Extreme: Fascism, Theocracy
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Economic liberals favor broad
government involvement in
economic policymaking and
regulation of business.
Favor higher taxes,
particularly progressive
(based on income level).
Programs assisting the poor
such as Medicaid and Head
Start.
Redistribution of income
(welfare; social security).
Anti-trust legislation.
Sympathize with labor in
Labor-Management issues.
Extreme: Socialism, Communism

Economic conservatives favor
limited government
involvement in economic
policymaking and regulation
of business.
Favor lower taxes,
particularly regressive (flat
tax, sales taxes).
Fewer programs with the
goal of redistributing income
(private charitable
assistance; invest own
money for retirement).
Oppose government
regulation of market
choices.
Sympathize with business in
Labor-Management issues.
Extreme: Laissez-Faire, Monopoly
 If
you are like many Americans, you may tend to
be more conservative on some issues and more
liberal on others.
 The limitation of one spectrum is that this
circumstance will generally place you in the
middle, which is not necessarily an accurate
reflection of your ideology.
 Remember, all of this discussion takes place with
a base understanding and consensus on the social
contract and modern “liberal” political thought.
 People on every point on the spectrum generally
want what is best for the country—they just
differ on how to achieve it.
Govt.
Control
Freedom
Conservative
Totalitarian
Libertarian
Liberal
Economic Issues
Govt.
Control
 Liberal
 Conservative
Support for greater
government
control/regulation
in economic matters
and less government
control/regulation
of individual
matters.
 Libertarian
Support for minimal
government control
of both economic
and social issues
Support for less
government
control/regulation
in economic matters
and greater
government
control/regulation
of individual
matters.
 Totalitarian
Support for complete
government control
of economic and
social issues
 Favor
loose
construction – a
broad interpretation
 Constitutional
interpretation may
change as modern
society evolves
 What are our
standards today?
Liberal
 Favor
strict
construction – a
narrow
interpretation
 Constitutional
interpretation should
remain constant
through the years
 What did the
founders mean?
Conservative
 Favor
change over
status quo
Liberal
 Rights
of the
Individual are more
important
 Favor
tradition over
change
Conservative
 Rights
of the
community are more
important
Voter A: “I worked my
way up from poverty to
become the successful
business owner I am
today. I get frustrated
when I think that my tax
money goes to support
people who won’t help
themselves. I think part
of the blame belongs with
the media – they promote
all the wrong values.”
Voter B: “I really don’t
care what other people do
in their free time, as long
as they don’t bother me.
I sure don’t like it when
the government tells me
what to do with my
money or in my own home
– I’m certainly not going
to turn around and do the
same thing to my
neighbors.”
Ideology?
Ideology?
Voter C: “I really worry
about the state of the
world today. It seems
like more and more kids
are growing up in
poverty and there’s no
one there to help them.
I think we need to do
more toward providing
healthcare and
education programs for
our young people.”
Voter D: “These days, you
can’t be too careful. I think
we need to spend a lot more
money on the national
defense. I wish there was a
police officer on every
corner! The police could
search my car all they want,
since I don’t break the law.
I also think the government
should crack down on the
media – their reporting gives
our enemies an inside look
at all our military
preparations.”
Ideology?
Ideology?
Govt.
Control
Conservative
Totalitarian
Most people will fit
somewhere within the
parameters of this circle.
Libertarian
Freedom
Liberal
Economic Issues
Govt.
Control
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In response to many requests, not only from Americans, The
Political Compass™ has charted the most prominent names in the
2008 US Primaries. They have been evaluated through scrutiny of
public statements, manifestos, interviews and, crucially, voting
records. Our apologies for those not included.
It is important to recognise that The Political Compass™ is a
continuum rather than consisting of hard and fast quadrants. For
example, Ron Paul on the social scale is actually closer to Dennis
Kucinich than to many figures within his own party. But on the
economic scale, they are, of course, far apart.
When examining the chart it is important to note that although
most of the candidates seem quite different, in substance they
occupy a relatively restricted area within the universal political
spectrum. Democracies with a system of proportional
representation give expression to a wider range of political
views. While Dennis Kucinich and Mike Gravel are depicted on the
extreme left in an American context, they would simply be
mainstream social democrats within the wider political landscape
of Europe. Similarly, Hillary Clinton is popularly perceived as a
leftist in the United States while in any other western democracy
her record is that of a moderate conservative.
Source: www.politicalcompass.org
Source: www.politicalcompass.org