WTO PUBLIC FORUM 2012 - Session 14
Value Chains, Labour Rights and Development
25 September 2012
Measuring Trade in Value Added:
Trade in Tasks and Employment
Hubert Escaith
WTO
From Trade in (final) Goods to Trade in Tasks:
Global Production Networks, Outsourcing and Offshoring
• Production as a Network: From “Taylorism” to “Toyotism”,
• Make-or-Buy decision: First from the “firm” to the “local
market” (local outsourcing) and then to the “global
market” (international outsourcing, offshoring)
Consequences on production structure:
• Some “industrial jobs” are outsourced to “services” within
the same country (‘terciarization’ of industrial jobs)
• Some tasks are internationally outsourced/offshored:
– Creating new trade flows in intermediate goods and services
– Leading to a much faster industrialization of export-oriented
developing countries
• Many manufactured goods are the product of international
supply chains and are actually “Made in the World”
How to Measure Trade in Tasks:
The Value Added Content
• Why?
– The value of intermediate goods is double counted each time the
supply chain crosses national borders
– All final value accrues to the last country of assembly, irrespective
of the true origin of the value-added
• What is Value Added?
– The remuneration of the workers and shareholders, the
compensation of capital, indirect taxes.
• How to Measure it in International Trade
a) Case studies: iPhone, Nokia, …
b) National database on trade by enterprise characteristics:
EUROSTAT and some other (mainly OECD) countries
c) Inter-Countries Input-Output Tables: IDE-JETRO, OECD/WTO, USITC,
WIOD, …
The statistical approach adopted by OECD/WTO
• Disentangling domestic and foreign value-added in global value chains
– The value of a product can be decomposed according to the country where the value is added.
– Trade flows in value-added terms can be estimated (from the point of view of an exporter
or of an importer)
Gross exports can be decomposed into:
Foreign value-added
Direct domestic
value-added in the
export industry
Indirect domestic
value-added
generated via purely
domestic
transactions, broken
down by all domestic
industries.
Domestic value added
Indirect imported
value-added (broken
down by producing
country and
industry).
Indirect domestic
value-added
embodied in imports
(broken down by all
domestic industries)
In process (2013), will cover about 50 countries
4
from OECD and emerging countries.
Made in the World Initiative and OECD/WTO
project to Measure Trade in Value Added
What have we learnt so far?
• Excluding oil and fuel, more than 50% of trade is in
intermediate goods
• 75% to 80% of total world trade is actual value-added
• More services are traded and more SME participation when
accounting for indirect VA imbedded in manufacture exports
• OECD countries still count of a large share of total VA
• Bilateral trade balances are significantly reshuffled (ex. the
size of the China-US deficit is halved)
• Emerging Countries Revealed Comparative Advantage in High
Technology products is scaled down
• Jobs implications may differ between
Industrialised and Industrializing Countries …
In all 18 OECD countries surveyed, the share of
Low Skill wages in total production cost has
decreased in all countries between 1997 and
2007.
Some countries rebalanced the decrease in low
skill workers by a higher share of Medium Skills,
but most countries reduced also their weight.
During the 10 years, in all OECD countries the
share of High Skilled workers increased
Source: HE based on WIOD data
Advances in labour conditions are linked to Economic Growth.
Besides its impact on Growth, Trade has no significant effect
Source: OECD (2012) Policy Priorities for International Trade and Jobs
From Trade in Value Added
to Labour Content:
Skills reflect comparative advantages
Source: WTO/IDE-JETRO on the basis of WIOD
When differentiating traded Value Added and workers compensation by skill levels:
- Japan and Korea are net importers of VA created by low-skilled workers
- Korea was still importing Medium Skills in 1995, but moved to net exports in 2006
- China is a net exporter of low-skilled tasks and an importer of medium and high skills.
Remark: more VA may not mean more jobs if implicit wages are higher
(if required tasks are more complex skills, calling for higher skill premium)
Wages in Asian Export Processing Zones:
at or above national average,
with higher skill premium
Source: OECD