PENGANTAR ERGONOMI
ERWIN DYAH N
ASAL KATA
• ERGOS = KERJA
• NOMOS = PERATURAN KERJA,
ATURAN, KEBIASAAN KERJA
Fakta
• Tahun 1993  > 50% klaim
kompensasi di Washington State
Fund akibat WMSDs ( sprains,
strains, nerve compression, and joint
inflammation)
Biaya langsung dan tak
langsung WMSDs
• Biaya langsung (pengobatan, absen) >
$100 juta
• Biaya tak langsung :
– investigation time,
– decreased production,
– training and hiring replacement workers.
Sulit dihitung
Diperkirakan 2-5 kali biaya langsung
Tujuan Program Ergonomi
•
•
•
•
•
prevent injuries
manage injuries if they occur
save company money,
increase worker comfort and safety,
decrease injuries & workers'
compensation claims and,
• increase productivity(quantity &quality)
• Increase worker’s morale
Bukti Manfaat Ergonomi
• In a shop where aircraft interiors are
installed, engineering controls and work
practice changes increased productivity
10-15 percent, which translated into a
benefit of more than $200,000.
• Changes made to a work process at a wire
installation shop reduced stressful body
posture and lowered the assembly time
from eight to six and a half hours.
Komponen progran ergonomi
• Identifying musculoskeletal symptoms
and their associated risk factors.
• Making changes to jobs to eliminate the
risk factors.
• Preventing injuries and keeping those that
occur from becoming disabling.
• Training employees on all of the above.
4 elements of an ergonomics
program
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•
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Worksite analysis
Hazard preventio n and control
Medical management
Training and education
Worksite analysis
• a safety and health review that identifies
jobs and workstations that may contain
musculoskeletal hazards, the risk factors
that pose the hazards, and the causes of
the risk factors.
Hazard prevention and control:
• eliminating or minimizing the hazards
identified in the worksite analysis by
changing the jobs, workstations, tools or
environment to fit the worker.
Medical management:
• the effective use of available health-care
resources to prevent or manage workrelated musculoskeletal disorders.
Training and education
• a method to give both workers and
managers an understanding of the
potential risk of injuries, their causes,
symptoms, prevention and treatment.
ERGONOMICS TEAM MEMBERS
Small business:
• workers/union representatives
• managers/supervisors
• maintenance or facilities staff
• safety and health personnel
• purchasing personnel
ERGONOMICS TEAM MEMBERS
•
•
•
•
•
•
Large business:
engineers
human resources personnel
health care providers
ergonomist
all listed under small business
ERGONOMICS TEAM MEMBERS
• Di Indonesia  >> dikerjakan oleh K3
• Di perusahaan yg > kecil 1 orang yg
menjalankan program
• Ex: supervisor  tg jwb dlm pembelian
adanya ergonomic awareness
membantu perkakas/alat kerja yang
ergonomis
Ergonomi
• Pada dasarnya bukanlah suatu disiplin
ilmu
• > merupakan teknik gabungan beberapa
disiplin ilmu untuk memecahkan masalah
yang timbul akibat pekerjaan dan
lingkungan kerja.
PENGERTIAN
1. Penerapan ilmu biologi manusia dalam
hubungannya dengan ilmu teknik untuk
memperoleh hasil optimal dalam
pengaturan manusia dan pekerjaannya
dengan keuntungan berupa efisiensi dan
kesejahteraan (ILO)
2. Studi ilmiah ttg pekerj. manusia (the
scientific study of human work)
Fokus Perhatian Ergonomi
 kapabilitas fisik dan mental
 keterbatasan pekerja saat
berinteraksi dg perkakas & alat
kerja
 metode kerja
 pekerjaan
 lingkungan kerja.
Tujuan Ergonomi
• Mengurangi WMSDs dengan
menyesuaikan pekerjaan dengan pekerja,
bukan sebaliknya (agar pekerja
menyesuaikan terhadap pekeraannya).
Bidang Ilmu Yang Mendasari
• Lihat skema
WMSDs?
Work-related
Musculo
Skeletal
Disorders
Injuries and risk factors
• What are Work-related Musculo Skeletal
Disorders (WMSDs)?
• Common types and symptoms of injury
• Causes and prevention of injury
What are Work-related Musculo
Skeletal Disorders (WMSDs)?
• Also known as:
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Cumulative Trauma Disorders (CTDs)
Repetitive Strain Injuries (RSIs)
Overuse injuries
Work Related Upper Limb Disorders (WRULDs)
Musculo Skeletal Injuries (MSIs)
Musculo Skeletal Disorders (MSDs)
Soft tissue injuries
• Usually develop gradually, but sometimes can
appear suddenly
• Can be serious, if not taken care of early
What are some of the
symptoms of WMSDs?
•
•
•
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Discomfort
Pain
Numbness
Tingling
•
•
•
•
Burning
Swelling
Change in color
Tightness, loss of
flexibility
What causes WMSDs?
Risk Factors
– Awkward Postures
– High Hand Force
– Repetitive Motions
– Repeated Impacts
– Heavy, Frequent, or Awkward Lifting
– Moderate to High Hand-Arm Vibration
Risk Factors
Risk of injury depends upon:
– Duration
(how long)
– Frequency (how often)
– Intensity
(how much)
– Combinations of risk factors
Risk Factors
Duration
– usually need hours of exposure before risk
factors become a concern
– Can be all at one time or cumulative over the
day
Risk factors for WMSDs
Awkward postures
Neutral postures
Head level
Shoulders
relaxed
Elbows at sides
Wrists straight
Low back
supported
Feet supported
Standing neutral posture
Seated neutral posture
Hands over head or elbows above
shoulders
For more than 2 hours per day
Neck bent more than 30°
For more than 2 hours per day
Back bent more than 30°
For more than 2 hours per day
Squatting
For more than 2 hours per day
Kneeling
For more than 2 hours per day
Wrists bent
Reducing awkward postures
• Change workstation heights & display heights
• Tilt or rotate the work
• Use platforms
• Bring items within easy reach
• Pause to stretch
Reducing awkward postures
Case Study
Risk Factors for WMSDs
High hand force
High hand force
A power grip can be 5
times stronger than a
pinch grip
=
Gripping with the whole hand
10 lbs. of weight or force for
more than 2 hours per day
Pinching with the fingertips
2 lbs. of weight or 4 lbs. of force
for more than 2 hours per day
Other factors
Your grip strength decreases when you:
• Bend your wrists
• Pick up slippery items
• Wear poorly fitting gloves
• Have cold hands
Avoid pinch grips
• Pick objects up from the bottom using
whole hand
• Attach handles or use lift tools
• Build up handles on small tools to
reduce grip force
Reduce power grip force
• Pick up smaller loads
• Use power tools instead of hand tools
• Keep tools in good working order
• Use lighter tools or tool balancers
• Use two hands
• Keep your wrists straight
Avoid holding onto objects for long
periods
• Use clamps to hold onto work
• Place items on carts rather than
carrying them
• Put down a tool when not actually
using it
Use tool balancers
Case Study
Tool use example
Working with
bent wrists
decreases grip
strength
Use tools that
let you keep
your wrist
straight
Risk factors for WMSDs
Highly repetitive motions
Highly repetitive motion
For more than 2 hours per day
Reducing repetition
• Arrange work to avoid unnecessary
motions
• Let power tools and machinery do the work
• Spread repetitive work out during the day
• Take stretch pauses
• Rotate task with co-workers if possible
• Change hands or motions frequently
Reducing repetitive motions
Case Study
Intensive keying
For more than 4 hours per day
Reducing intensive keying
• Spread keyboard work throughout the day
• Use macros for common functions
• Take stretch pauses
• Improve your posture and move around as
much as possible
Risk factors for WMSDs
Repeated impacts
Repeated impacts
Using the hand or knee as a hammer more than
10 times per hour, more than 2 hours per day
Avoiding repeated impacts
• Use tools instead of your hand or knee
Risk factors for WMSDs
Heavy, frequent or awkward lifting
Heavy lifting
• Lifting 75 lbs.
once per day
• Lifting 55 lbs.
more than 10
times per day
Reducing heavy lifting
• Take smaller loads
at one time
• Use mechanical
assistance handtrucks, carts,
hoists, conveyors
• Get help from a coworker
Frequent lifting
• Lifting more than 10 lbs., more than
twice per minute, for more than 2 hours
per day
Reducing frequent lifting
• Use mechanical assistance
• Slide objects instead of lifting them
• Rotate lifting tasks with co-workers
if possible
Awkward lifting
• Lifting more than 25 lbs. above the shoulders,
below the knees or at arms’ length more than 25
times per day
Reducing awkward lifts
• Store items where
you won’t have to
bend or reach to lift
them
• Use rolling stairs to
get items down
from high shelves
Safe lifting technique
Risk factors for WMSDs
Moderate to high hand–arm vibration
Vibration
Moderate levels
of vibration for
2 hours per day
High levels of
vibration for 30
minutes per day
Reducing vibration
• Use low vibration
tools if available
• Maintain tools
• Use tool wraps or
anti-vibration gloves
• Keep hands warm
If you have identify a caution zone,
what next ?
• Analyze it by using table 2 (do it
thoroughly and systematically)
– Pay attention on physical demands of the job
(body position, force, repetition)
– The lay out of the work area (reaches,
working heights
– The load lifting and handling requirements of
the job (object size and shape)
• If the physical risk factor exceed table 2 
A HAZARD IS PRESENT TAKE
ACTION !!
– Changes to workstations and tools
– Reducing the size and weights of loads
handled
– Process redesign to eliminate unnecessary
steps or introduce task variety
– Job rotation
If the action cannot reduce hazards
• While looking for alternatives to solve the
problems permanently
– PPE
– team lifting
– training of work technique
How to see the check list
• Go to acrobat reader doc.(hazard
assessment check list-table 2) page 7-14
What you can do:
• Recognize and report
symptoms early
• Get involved in ergonomics
Symptom recognition and
reporting
• Report symptoms if:
– Pain is persistent, severe or worsening
– Pain radiates
– Symptoms include numbness or tingling
– Symptoms keep you from sleeping at night
Why is it important to report
symptoms early?
• Chronic injuries sometimes lead to
disability, even surgery
• Early treatment more successful
Getting involved
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•
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•
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Look at jobs and help identify problems
Come up with solutions
Work with solutions
Take part in training
Take responsibility for changing the way
you do your job
• Help to make sure efforts are successful
Six key points to remember
1 Ergonomics can help you on your job
2 Employers have to implement ergonomics if caution zone jobs
are present
3 Risk factors can be reduced and WMSDs prevented
4 You can help your company put ergonomics changes into place
5 WMSDs can happen in jobs with risk factors
6 Reporting symptoms early is important
Purposes
• To Identify specific work place hazards
that can cause or aggravate work-related
MSIs, and than to reduce the workers
exposure
• It does not and cannot eliminate all MSIs among
affected workers
• It’s only reduce incidence / severity of MSIs
caused in whole or in part of the risk factors
listed in in the hazard assessment checklist
• Non work-exposures and risk factors inherent
individual worker are not addressed
• Use of this recommendation is voluntary
Is this a caution zone job?
• A caution zone job is a job where worker’s
typical work activities meet one or more of the
physical risk factors and level listed in table 1
• Typical work activities are those that are regular
and forseeable part of the job , > 1 day/week , >
1 week/year
• Caution zone job all have sufficient degree of
risk -> need some precautionary steps be taken
(ergonomic awareness training and hazard
assessment)-but they do not necessarily have
risks great enough to require corrective action
• Caution zone may not be hazardous
The duration list in table 1 (see
acrobat reader doc , page 3)
• Two hours – refer to the total amount of
time workers exposed to the risk factors,
not how long they spend performing the
work activity that includes the risk factor
What action that employer should
take
• If there are no physical risk factor
exceeding the level list in table 1 NO
ACTIONS ARE REQUIRED
• If ≥ 1 physical risk factors exceed the
level list in table 1CAUTION ZONE
JOB ergonomic awareness training to
provide workers with a basic level of
understanding knowledge
The training for workers should
include:
• How to use their work station, including how to
adjust its equipment and furnishings
• How to use or select tools appropriate to the
work they are performing
• The safe work practices they are expected to
follow; and
• Information describing the signs, symptoms and
methods of preventing MSIs
When should a hazard
performance be performed
• When work process or operation changes
• When a new work process is introduced
• Prior to the design and installation and a
new workstation
• Affected worker should be involved in
hazard assessment
Ergonomics Rule: Major features
Do you have “caution zone” jobs?
No
Not covered
No requirements
No hazards
present
Annual
review
No additional
requirements
Yes
Two requirements:
•Awareness education
•Evaluate “caution zone
jobs” for hazards
Hazards present
Reduce exposure below
the hazard level
or to the degree feasible
Annual
review