Natural and Technological Hazards & Ecology
Earthquake engineering and engineering-seismological research:
• Seismic hazard and risk;
• Seismic zoning and microzoning;
• Definition of seismic design parameters;
• Planning, design and construction in seismically active regions;
Geophysical surveys:
• Refraction & Reflection seismic investigations;
• Down hole and cross hole seismic investigations;
• Seismic tomography;
• Microtremors - active and passive measurements of seismic surface
waves;
• Explosions – measurements, control, interpretation and design of seismic
effects from mining performed for different purposes;
Ecology:
• Protection against natural and technological catastrophes – preparation of
technical-technological reports, solutions and preliminary projects;
• Communication with governmental institutions, domestic and foreign
associations and foundations in the field of protection of environment;
Natural and Technological Hazards & Ecology
Map of Epicenter of Earthquake M  4.0 to M<8.0 Period:1900-2000
Skopje; M = 6.1; I=IX MCS
26-07-1963
Pehcevo-Kresna M = 7.8;
I=X MCS 04-04-1904
Debar; M = 6.5; I=IX MCS
30-11-1967
Valandovo; M = 6.7;
I=X MCS 08-03-1931
Bitola; M = 5.2; I=VII MSC-64
01-09-1994
Podgradec-Ohrid; M =6.7; I=IX MCS
18-02-1911
GEOLOGIC & SEISMOGIC BASE FOR
LAND USE PLAN FOR SKOPJE
d-r. Gavril Mirakovski-dipl.ing.geoph.; Prof. d-r. Snezana
Stamatovska-dipl.civ.eng.; Slobodan Micajkov-dip.elec.eng.
1. GEOLOGICAL BASE :
 Seismotectonic map
 Engineering-geologic map
 Hydrogeology map
 Ground Bearing capacity according to litology
 Land use planning
2. SEISMIC ZONING
 Return Periods 100, 200, 500, 1000 & 2500 years.
3. DBMS & GIS applications
SEISMIC ZONATION: Ground Acceleration Distribution
amax for RP 1000 years
SEIZMIC HAZARD from “MAN MADE” Sources
- mining explosions d-r. Gavril Mirakovski-dipl.eng.geoph.
Measuring points distribution in the mine filed MP-1
Natural and Technological Hazards & Ecology
Strong Motion Laboratory
• In order to provide permanent maintenance of the installed
network and processing of the obtained strong motion records,
the IZIIS Strong Motion Laboratory was established
• The instruments are located in all the regions of Macedonia
characterized by pronounced seismic activity and are installed on
various types of structures – dams, bridges, tall buildings,
industrial plants, administrative and educational buildings
providing continuous monitoring of the seismic activity
• In almost 40 years of operation, SMN recorded earthquakes with
magnitudes 3<M<7.2 resulting in a database with more than 1200
strong motion records obtained from near and distant seismic
sources on different soil conditions (bedrock and soil deposit),
and different types of structures
Natural and Technological Hazards & Ecology
Monitoring and recording Strong Motions
Distribution of instruments
Soil conditions
Accelerographs
On bedrock
9
On characteristic soil
19
On structure
102
Total
130
Structures
Accelerographs
High-rise buildings
33
Dams
49
Bridges
20
Total
102
Seismic monitoring on Strezevo Dam
Natural and Technological Hazards & Ecology
Strong Motion Networks
V I A
L A
S
O
U G
L ok
Radika
P ~i n ja
ja
an
{a
va
Prilep
Bo
Stara R
(1)
eka
na
Cr
(5)
Konjs
(1)
[ em
ag
Dr o
r
Bitola
(2)
E
Prespa
Lake
E
C
~i ca
(1)
Valandovo
Anska Reka
ka R
eka
Gevgelija
n i ca
(2)
Vo
do
Tr k
Crna
Sen
ok
Strumica
(4) Kavadarci
C rna
im
Dr
n
Negotino
ica
Ohrid Resen
(1)
St
ar
S tr u m
ka
o{
(3)
Radovis
vic
a
r
Cr
La
ka
ka
Ohrid
Lake
(1)
Berovo
a
Vard
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
Sateska
Struga
ica
Stip
r iv
a
ka
Demir
Hisar
Delcevo
ic a
Vardar
Krusevo
(4)
Ko~ansk
a
Orizar
s
Zle
(3)
t a{ k a
a Re
Os
o jn
Re
M.Brod
(4)
a
(1)
tov
ska
ja
(1)
Kocani
Vinica
Va
A N I A
L B
Veles
(3)
ka
K
Kicevo
lik
Ve
A
Sveti
Nikole
(4)
(4)
Babuna
Debar
(4)
(4)
Topolk
(1)
a
(1)
e ka
aln
Mar ko
va
Treska
K adina R
Breg
Vardar
ka
Re
(1)
(6)
o jc a
(4)
Probistip
i kole
.N
Sv
Gostivar
ar
Kratovo
egalnica
(3)
Kumanovo
K
r iv a R
e ka
SKOPJE
Va
rd
Kriva
Palanka
Br
z d ra ~a
Ma
(2)
pkovska
(3)
(1)
(28)
(1)
Tetovo
Konjarska
Li
(3)
ovska
Tet
a
ec
Le penec
en
Lep
P ~i n
Y
i nj
P~
Nov
Dojran (1)
(3)
E
R
G
Axi os
LEGEND:
SMA-1 accelerographs installed on:
(n)
bedrock
characteristic soil
(n) structures (dams, buildings and bridges)
(n) number of accelerographs
(n)
0
10
20
30
40
50 km
Thessaloniki
Natural and Technological Hazards & Ecology
Strong Motion Networks
Instruments are installed in seismic active regions in
Republic of Macedonia thus providing data necessary for:
• Improvment of ingeneering practice, especially for
aseismic
design of new and reconstruction of existing
buildings;
• Improvement of Tecnical Regulation and Biuilding Codes
for design and construction in seismic active regions
• Seismic hazard assessment, physical and urban planning;
• Design and construction of essential structures (schools,
hospitals)
Natural and Technological Hazards & Ecology
Real Time Strong Motion Network
 3D Real Time Strong Motion Network in Ohrid (1976)
9 in Boreholes
4 on Free Field
6 on Structure
 Real Time Strong Motion Network (2010)
13 GURALP Instruments covering territory of RM
Natural and Technological Hazards & Ecology
3D Real Time Strong Motion Network
Site Type
Instrument
Position
Building
Foundation
Surface
In-profile
Bedrock
Total Number of
instruments
Location -1
Instrumented
Building
2(6-th and 9-th
story)
4
1
2 (-13.0 and -22.9m)
1(-101.0m)
10
Location - 2
Free - field
Location -3
Free - field
1
2 (-9.5 and -22.0m)
1(-125.0m)
4
Location -4
Rock - outcrop
-
1
2 (-9.0 and -21.5m)
1(-99.6m)
4
1
1
Natural and Technological Hazards & Ecology
Real Time Strong Motion Network
 UKIM-IZIIS in colaboration with CMC (Crisis Management
Centre) started an iniative to implement the Shake Map
system in Republic of Macedonia
 CMC provides location for the instruments (GURALP) with
necessary infrastructure (electric power, internet connection)
in its premises throughout Republic of Macedonia
 UKIM-IZIIS chose 13 locations and installed
GURALP
instruments, as part of the ShakeMap System Network
 Definition and realization of two centers (one in UKIM-IZIIS,
one in CMC Headquaters) for data acquisition and
presentation
Natural and Technological Hazards & Ecology
Real Time Strong Motion Network
Natural and Technological Hazards & Ecology
Real Time Strong Motion Network
 Responsible authorities for search and rescue operations wants
rapid information on areas affected;
 Government and Emergency Management need to know the
likely financial impacts;
 Consulting Engineers need to know the effects on structures
and how close to design limits the structure has endured;
 Earthquake Engineers want to know the parameters of the
shaking;
 Seismologists want to know the details of the fault system that
caused the event;
 Media want to know how the Public will be affected;
 Business Leaders need to know the likely affect on their
multiple locations and campuses and the safety of their
structures
Natural and Technological Hazards & Ecology
THANK YOU