Reading the Building plan and
marking on Ground
Dr. M. N. Hegde
Professor of Civil Engineering,
Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology,
Bangalore-560 056
mmmhegde@gmail.com
mmmhegde@yahoo.com
Source: NBO 2005: National Building Code of India
Civil Engineering
The art of directing the great sources of power
in Nature for the use and convenience of man
Imagination is more important than knowledge,
for knowledge is limited, whereas imagination
embraces the entire world, stimulating the
process, giving birth to ‘Evolution’
– Albert Einstein
7/18/2011
Dr.M N Hegde
2
Building plans are important legal documents.
Correct drawings save cost, labour, and time in
the office as well as on the site
Basics of graphical language of engineers:
• Why to draw?
• What to draw?
• How to draw?
• How to read what is drawn?
7/18/2011
Dr.M N Hegde
3
Design of a Structure
• Functional Design
• Structural Design
7/18/2011
Dr.M N Hegde
4
One must know:
• Methods of preparation of various type drawings
as per Bureau of Indian Standards
• Role of owner, architect, contractor and plan
sanctioning authorities like municipal
corporations at all stages of constructions, i.e.,
form planning to completion of work
• Architecture - principles of planning, rules and
regulations.
• Role of Project Management Groups
7/18/2011
Dr.M N Hegde
5
Principles of Architectural Planning
• Orientation aspect
• Prospect
• Roominess
• Grouping
• Privacy-visual and acoustical
• Circulation
• Sanitation
• Economy
• Elegance
7/18/2011
Dr.M N Hegde
6
Different stages in the life of buildings
• Planning: Decides the initial form
• Designing: Decides the final form
• Drawing: Tool to convert requirements into reality
• Construction: Conversion of 2D drawings into 3D
structure. - Engineering in action.
• Occupation: Environmental Design Evaluation by
observing the behavior of the user.
• Maintenance and Preservation: To maintain
livability throughout the life of the building.
7/18/2011
Dr.M N Hegde
7
Evaluation of buildings based on:
»Function
»Appearance
»Durability
»Total Cost
7/18/2011
Dr.M N Hegde
8
Creation of Built Environment is the integration of:
• To please eye and mind for quality of life to all with
Sustainable Development
• Functional Psychological
• Climatic
• Aesthetic Aspects
To please eye and mind for quality of life to all with
Sustainable Development
Sustainable Development: Meeting the needs of the present without
compromising on the ability of future generations to meet their own.
7/18/2011
Dr.M N Hegde
9
Environment
Natural environment
Built environment,
i.e., Man-made Environment
Interdependent Relationship of
Ecology-Environment-Settlements (Urban & Rural)-Building-Man
Environment is related to the surroundings and all the conditions affecting life and human
behavior.
Human beings are at the centre of concerns for sustainable development.
They are entitled to a healthy and productive life in Harmony and the nature.
Man shapes his environment but he is also shaped by it.
7/18/2011
Dr.M N Hegde
10
Building — Any structure for whatsoever purpose and of
whatsoever materials constructed and every part
thereof whether used as human habitation or
not and includes foundation, plinth, walls, floors,
roofs, chimneys, plumbing and building services,
fixed platforms, VERANDAH, balcony, cornice or
projection, part of a building or anything affixed
thereto or any wall enclosing or intended to
enclose any land or space and signs and outdoor
display structures.
Owner — Person or body having a legal interest in
land and/or building thereon.
This includes free holders, leaseholders or those
holding a sub-lease which both bestows a legal right to
occupation and gives rise to liabilities in respect of
safety or building condition.
7/18/2011
Dr. M N Hegde
11
TEAM APPROACH
A land development/building project comprises the
following major stages:
– Location/siting
– Conceptualization and planning
– Designing and detailing
– Construction/execution
– Maintenance and repair
Each stage necessarily requires professionals of many
disciplines who should work together as a well
coordinated team to achieve the desired product
delivery with quality, in an effective manner.
7/18/2011
Dr. M N Hegde
12
Appropriate multi-disciplinary teams need to be
constituted to successfully meet the requirements
of different stages.
Each team may comprise need based professionals out of the
following depending upon the nature, magnitude and complexity
of the project
•Architect,
•Civil engineer,
•Structural engineer,
•Electrical engineer,
•Plumbing engineer,
•Fire protection engineer,
•HVAC engineer,
•Environment specialist,
7/18/2011
•Town planner,
•Urban designer,
•Landscape architect,
•Security system specialist,
•Interior designer,
•Quantity surveyor,
•Project/construction manager,
•Other subject specialist(s)
Dr.M N Hegde
13
PLANNING, DESIGNING AND DEVELOPMENT
The main functions of design team constituted for the planning, designing and
development, are as under
•Formalization of design brief in consultation with the owner.
•Site investigation/survey.
•Preparation of alternative concept designs.
•Selection of a concept in consultation with and with the consent of owner.
•Sizing the system.
•Development of design, covering :
1) Integration of architecture, structure and services,
2) Synthesis of requirements of each discipline, and
3) Interaction with each other and with the owner.
•Preparation of preliminary designs and drawings and obtaining owner’s approval,
•Preparation of preliminary cost estimates for approval of owner,
•Preparation of work-breakdown structure and
•Programme for pre-construction activities.
•Assisting client to obtain approvals of the Authority.
• Preparation of detailed specification and construction working drawings with integration of
engineering inputs of all concerned disciplines
•Preparation of detailed design of each discipline for various services.
•Peer review/proof checking of the drawings/ designs in case of important projects,
•depending upon their complexity and sensitivity.
•Preparation of detailed cost estimate.
•Obtaining final approval of client.
•Preparation of bill of quantities, specifications and tender documents
7/18/2011
Dr.M N Hegde
14
CONSTRUCTION/ EXECUTION (ACTUALIZATION)
The main functions of the teams constituted for Project Management/
Construction Management may be to :
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
specify criteria for selection of constructors
specify quality control, quality audit system and safety system
short-list constructors
have pre-bid meetings with the intending constructors
receive and evaluate tenders
select constructors
execution and supervision
monitor quality, time and cost control
Prepare/certify the completion (as-built) drawings
Ensure availability of operation manuals for field use
7/18/2011
Dr.M N Hegde
15
Building Line — The lineup to which the plinth of a building adjoining a street or
an extension of a street or on a future street may lawfully extend. It includes the lines
prescribed, if any, in any scheme.
The building line may change from time-to-time as decided by the Authority.
Drawing Sheet Sizes
Sl. No. Designation
Trimmed Size, mm
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
vi)
AO
Al
A2
A3
A4
A5
841 X 1189
594 X 841
420 X 594
297 X 420
210 X 297
148 X 210
A key plan drawn to a scale of not less than 1 in 10000 shall be submitted along with the
application for a development/building permit showing the boundary locations of the site with
respect to neighborhood landmarks.
The minimum dimension of the key plan shall be not less than 75 mm.
Relationship between A4 size sheet to A3 size sheet
7/18/2011
Dr.M N Hegde
16
Site Plan
The site plan sent with an application for permit shall be drawn to a scale of not less than 1
in 500 for a site up to one hectare and not less than 1 in 1000 for a site more than one
hectare and shall show:
(Hectares = 2.47101 Acres )
•the boundaries of the site and of any contiguous land belonging to the owner thereof:
•the position of the site in relation to neighboring street;
•the name of the streets in which the building is proposed to be situated, if any;
•all existing buildings standing on, over or under the site including service lines;
•the position of the building and of all other buildings (if any) which the applicant intends
•to erect upon his contiguous land referred to in (a) in relation to:
1. the boundaries of the site and in case where the site has been partitioned, the boundaries of
the portion owned by the applicant and also of the portions owned by others;
2. all adjacent street, buildings (with number of storeys and height) and premises within a
distance of 12 m of the site and of the contiguous land (if any) referred to in (a); and
3. if there is no street within a distance of 12 m of the site, the nearest existing street;
•the means of access from the street to the building, and to all other buildings (if any)
which the applicant intends to erect upon his contiguous land referred to in (a);
•space to be left about the building to secure a free circulation of air, admission of light and
access for scavenging purposes;
•the width of the street (if any) in front and of the street (if any) at the side or near the
Buildings;
•the direction of north point relative to the plan of the buildings;
•any physical features, such as wells, drains, etc; and
•such
other particulars as may be prescribed
the Authority.
7/18/2011
Dr.M Nby
Hegde
17
Building Plan and Details
The plan of the buildings and elevations and sections accompanying the notice shall
be drawn to a scale of 1:100.
The plans and details shall:
• include floor plans of all floors together with the covered area clearly indicating the
size and spacings of all framing members and sizes of rooms and the position of
staircases, ramps and liftwells;
• show the use or occupancy of all parts of the buildings;
• show exact location of essential services, for example, WC, sink, bath and the like;
• include at least one elevation from the front showing height of building and rooms
and also the height of parapet;
• include at least one section through the staircase;
• include the structural arrangements with appropriate sections showing type/
arrangement of footings, foundations, basement walls; structural load bearing walls,
columns and beams, and shear walls; and
• Arrangement/spacing of framing members, floor slabs and roof slabs with the material
used for the same, show all street elevations;
• give dimensions of the projected portions beyond the permissible building line;
• include terrace plan indicating the drainage and the slope of the root and give
indications of the north point relative to the plan.
7/18/2011
Dr.M N Hegde
18
REFER NBO 2005 PART 3 DEVELOPMENT CONTROL RULES AND
GENERAL BUILDING REQUIREMENTS
Building plan for multi -storeyed/special buildings
For all multi-storeyed buildings which are 15 m or more in height
and for special buildings like educational, assembly, institutional,
industrial, storage and hazardous and mixed occupancies with any
of the aforesaid occupancies having covered area more than 500 m2,
the building sanction shall be done in two stages.
Stage 1: First stage for planning clearance
Stage 2: Second stage for building permit clearance
7/18/2011
Dr.M N Hegde
19
Stage 1: First stage for planning clearance
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
The following additional information shall be furnished/indicated in the building plan as
applicable:
Access to fire appliances/vehicles with details of vehicular turning circle and clear motorable
accessway around the building;
Size (width) of main and alternative staircases along with balcony approach, corridor, ventilated
lobby approach;
Location and details of lift enclosures;
Location and size of fire lift;
Smoke stop lobby/door, where provided;
Refuse chutes, refuse chamber, service duct, etc;
Vehicular parking spaces;
Refuse area, if any;
Details of building services — Air conditioning system with position of fire dampers, mechanical
ventilation system, electrical services, boilers, gas pipes, etc;
Details of exits including provision of ramps, etc, for hospitals and special risks;
Location of generator, transformer and switchgem room; Smoke exhauster system, if any;
Details of fire alarm system network;
Location of centralized control, connecting all fire alarm systems, built-in-fire protection
arrangements and public address system, etc;
Location and dimensions of static water storage tank and pump room along with fire service
inlets for mobile pump and water storage tank;
Location and details of fixed fire protection installations, such as, sprinklers, wet risers, hosereels, drenchers, etc; and
Location and details of first-aid fire fighting equipments/installations.
7/18/2011
Dr.M N Hegde
20
Stage 2: Second stage for building permit clearance
After obtaining the sanction for planning (Stage 1) from the
Authority, a complete set of structural plans, sections, details
and design calculations duly signed by engineer/structural
engineer (see Annex A) along with the complete set of details
duly approved in Stage 1 shall be submitted.
The building plans/details shall be deemed sanctioned for the
commencement of construction only after obtaining the
permit for Stage 2 from the Authority.
Services Plans
The services plans shall include all details of building and
plumbing services, and also plans, elevations and sections of
private water supply, sewage disposal system
and rainwater harvesting system, if any.
7/18/2011
Dr.M N Hegde
21
Specifications
Specifications, both general and detailed, giving type and grade of materials to be
used, duly signed by the registered architect, engineer, structural engineer or
supervisor shall accompany the notice
Structural Sufficiency Certificate
The plans shall be accompanied by structural sufficiency certificate in the prescribed
form (see Annex C) signed by the engineer/structural engineer (see Annex A) and the
owner jointly to the effect that the building is safe against various loads, forces and
effects including due to natural disasters, such as, earthquake, landslides, cyclones,
floods, etc as per Part 6 ‘Structural Design’ and other relevant Codes. The engineer/
structural engineer shall also have the details to substantiate his design.
Supervision
The notice shall be further accompanied by a certificate in the prescribed form (see
Annex D) by the registered architect/engineer/structural engineer/ supervisor/town
planner (see Annex A) undertaking the supervision
7/18/2011
Dr.M N Hegde
22
Preparation and Signing of Plans
The registered architect/engineer/supervisor/town planner/landscape architect/urban
designer/utility service engineer shall prepare and duly sign the plans as per their
competence and shall indicate his/her name, address, qualification and registration
number as allotted by the Authority or the body governing such profession.
The structural plans and details shall also be prepared and duly signed by the competent
professionals like registered engineer/ structural engineer.
The plans shall also be duly signed by the owner indicating his address.
Qualifications of Structural Engineers/Landscape Architect/Urban Architects/
Engineers/ Designer/Supervisors/Town Planners/Services Personnel
Architects, engineers, structural engineers, landscape architect, urban designer,
supervisors and town planners wherever referred in the Code, shall be registered by the
Authority or the body governing such profession constituted under a statute, as
competent to do the work for which they are employed.
Grant of Permit or Refusal
The Authority may either sanction or refuse the plans and specifications or may sanction
them with such modifications or directions as it may deem necessary and thereupon shall
communicate its decision to the person giving the notice.
The building plans for buildings identified shall also be subject to the scrutiny of the
Fire Authority and the sanction through building permit shall be given by the Authority
after the clearance from the Fire Authority.
7/18/2011
Dr.M N Hegde
23
Documents at Site
Where tests of any materials are made to ensure conformity with
the requirements of the Code, records of the test data shall be
kept available for inspection during the construction of the
building and for such a period thereafter as required by the
Authority.
The person to whom a permit is issued shall during construction
keep pasted in a conspicuous place on the property in respect of
which the permit was
issued:
a) a copy of the building permit
b) a copy of the approved drawings and specifications
7/18/2011
Dr.M N Hegde
24
Plinth Area — The built up covered area measured at the floor
level of the basement or of any storey.
Set-Back Line — A line usually parallel to the plot boundaries and
laid down in each case by the Authority, beyond
which nothing can be constructed towards the
plot boundaries.
Volume to Plot Area Ratio (VPR) — The ratio of volume of
building ‘measured in cubic metres to the area of the plot
measured in square metres and expressed in metres.
Floor Area Ratio (FAR) — The quotient obtained by dividing
the total covered area (plinth area) on all
floors by the area of the plot:
FAR = Total covered area of all floors / Plot area
Pathways: The approach to the buildings from road/street/ internal means of
access shall be through paved pathway of width not less than 1.5 m,
provided its length is not more than 30 m.
7/18/2011
Dr.M N Hegde
25
Residential Buildings
Exterior Open Spaces:
Front open space
a) Every building fronting a street shall have a front space, forming an integral part of
the site as below:
Sl
Front Open Space,
Width of Street
No.
Min
Fronting the Plot
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
1.51 m
3.0
4.5
6.0
upto 7.5m
7.5 to 18
18 to 30
Above 30
Every residential building shall have a rear open space, forming an integral part of the
site, of an average width of 3 m and at no place measuring less than 1.8 m, except that
in the case of a back-to-back sites, the width of the rear open space shall be 3 m
throughout.
For plots of depths less than 9 m, for buildings up to 7 m in height, the rear open space
may be reduced to 1.5 m.
For detached buildings there shall be a minimum side open space of 3 m on both the
sides.
7/18/2011
Dr.M N Hegde
26
Table 2 Side and Rear Open Spaces for Different Heights of Buildings (Clause 8.2.3.1)
Sl
No.
Height of
Buildings in m
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
vi)
vii)
viii)
ix)
x)
xi)
xii)
10
15
18
21
24
27
30
35
40
45
50
55 and above
7/18/2011
Side and Rear Open Spaces to
be Left Around Building in m
3
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
16
Dr.M N Hegde
27
AREA AND HEIGHT LIMITATIONS: General
The limitation of area and height of buildings of different
occupancy classes and types of construction shall be achieved by
specifying it in terms of FAR, which shall take into account the
various aspects that govern in specifying FAR as given below:
• Occupancy class
• Types of construction
• Width of street fronting the building and the traffic load
• Locality where the building is proposed and the density
• Parking facilities
• Local fire fighting facilities
• Water supply and drainage facilities
7/18/2011
Dr.M N Hegde
28
Table 3 Comparative Floor Area Ratios for Occupancies Facing One Public Street
of at Least 9 m Width (Clauses 2,26,9.2 and 9.2.1)
Occupancy
Classification
Residential
Educational
Institutional
Assembly
Business
Mercantile
Industrial
Storage
Hazardous
UL — Unlimited
NP — Not Permitted
7/18/2011
Type of Construction
Type 1
Type 2
Type 3
Type 4
UL
UL
UL
UL
UL
8.0
7.5
6.0
2.8
2.0
2.0
1.5
1.0
2.9
1.8
1.9
1.5
1.1
1.4
1.4
1.0
0.7
2.3
1.4
1.6
1.3
0.9
1.0
1.0
0.8
0.5
1.6
1.0
1.3
1.0
NP
Type of Construction is according to fire resistance
Dr.M N Hegde
29
The height of the plinth shall be not less than 450 mm from the surrounding ground level.
The height of all rooms for human habitation shall not be less than 2.75 m measured
from the surface of the floor to the lowest point of the ceiling (bottom of slab).
For Educational building: Ceiling height 3.6 m; for all Buildings regions; in cold regions, 3 m
The area of habitable room shall not be less than 9.5 m2, where there is only one
room with a minimum width of 2.4 m. Where there are two rooms, one of
these shall not be less than 9.5 m2 and the other not less than 7.5 m2, with
a minimum width of 2.1 m.
The area of a kitchen where separate dining area is provided, shall be not less than 5.0 m2
with a minimum width of 1.8 m.
Where there is a separate store, the area of the kitchen maybe reduced to 4.5 m2.
A kitchen, which is intended for use as a dining area also, shall have a floor area of not less
than 7.5 m2 with a minimum width of 2.1 m.
The area of a bathroom shall not be less than 1.8 m2,
with a minimum width of 1.2 m.
The floor area of water-closet shall be 1.1 m2 with a minimum width of 0.9 m.
If bath and water-closet are combined, its floor area shall not be less than
2.8 m2 with a minimum width of 1.2 m. Height shall not be less than 2.1m
7/18/2011
Dr.M N Hegde
30
Minimum width of staircase shall be as follows:
a) Residential buildings (dwellings)
1.0 m
NOTE— For row housing with 2 storeys, the minimum width shall be 0.75 m.
b) Residential hotel buildings
c) Assembly buildings like auditoria, theatres and cinemas
d) Educational building
e) Institutional buildings
f) All other buildings
1.5 m
2.0 m
1.5 m
2.0 m
1.5 m
The minimum width of tread without nosing shall be 250 mm for
residential buildings.
The minimum width of tread for other buildings shall be 300 mm.
The maximum height of riser shall be 190 mm for residential
buildings and 150 mm for other buildings.
No. of risers shall be limited to 12 per flight.
The minimum clear head-room in any staircase shall be 2.2 m.
7/18/2011
Dr. M N Hegde
31
• Height of Parapets shall not less than 1.0m
• Max. Height of Compound wall shall be 1.5m above the centre
line of the front street (in general)
• Size of cabins not less than 3.0m2 with a min. width of 1.0m
The size of Private garages shall be — 3.0 m x 6.0 m, minimum
and height not less than 2.4 m
For details refer:
National Building Code of India 2005
Bureau of Indian Standards
Groups
1-5
Refer For fire and life safety Group 1 Part 4
7/18/2011
Dr.M N Hegde
32
Reading and Marking of
Architectural Drawings
on Ground
7/18/2011
Dr.M N Hegde
33
7/18/2011
Dr.M N Hegde
34
7/18/2011
Dr.M N Hegde
35
7/18/2011
Dr.M N Hegde
36
7/18/2011
Dr.M N Hegde
37
Reading and Marking of
Structural Drawings
•
•
•
•
•
7/18/2011
Position of and orientation of Columns
Positioning of Beams
Spanning of Slabs
Layout of Stairs
Selecting proper type of footing
Dr.M N Hegde
38
Position of and orientation of Columns
• Columns should be located at or near the corners of a building, and
at the intersection of beams/walls.
• Select the position of the columns so as to reduce bending
moments in beams
• Avoid large spans for beams for economy - Columns are always cheaper
compared to beams on the basis of unit cost
• Avoid projection of column outside wall
• Orient column so that the depth of the column is contained in the
major plane of bending or is perpendicular to major axis of bending
• Beams are normally provided under walls or below a heavy
concentrated load to avoid these loads directly coming on slabs.
• Avoid large spacing of beams from deflection and cracking criteria
• Isolated column footings are normally preferred.
7/18/2011
Dr.M N Hegde
39
Marking of frame components:
• Column reference scheme
• Grid reference scheme
Refer: SP 34 (S & T)-1987 Handbook on Concrete Reinforcement
and detailing- Bureau of Indian Standards
7/18/2011
Dr.M N Hegde
40