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MINING
•
One of India’s largest iron ore mining companies in the
non captive private sector.
ADITYA BIRLA GROUP
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•
Largest producer of Noble Ferro Alloys
•
Wind power generation
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Strategies for Quick Augmentation of Coal Production
U. Kumar
Advisor (Coal)
Essel Mining & Industries Ltd , Aditya Birla Group
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Energy availability & Energy security = Key for achieving GDP Growth
India’s answer = Coal
55% of Commercial Energy needs and 66% of Power Generation
Coal is likely to retain this dominant position in the future
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Proved
Prime Coking
Medium Coking
Semi Coking
Sub-Total - Coking
Non-Coking
Tertiary Coal
Total all types:
4.61
12.84
0.48
17.93
99.62
0.59
118.14
Indicated
Inferred
0.7
11.95
1
13.65
128.42
0.1
142.17
0
1.88
0.23
2.11
30.28
0.8
33.18
Total
5.31
26.67
1.71
33.69
258.32
1.49
293.5
%
1.81
9.09
0.58
11.5
88
0.52
100
60% of the resources available within a depth range of 0-300 mtrs and thus amenable to O/C Mining
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And yet :
Economy faltering due to inadequacy of power arising out of Coal shortage.
Programme of “Power for all by 2012” is no where near realization.
~ 45,000 MW of power generation capacity (ready for commissioning) will idle
for coal shortage.
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TY X
Plan
XI Plan
08-09
XII Plan
06-07
(Act)
07-08
09-10
10-11
(Act)
11-12
Demand
474
493
550
598
656
650
Demand
Materialisation
464
504
549
588
593
636
Indigenous
Supply
421
454
490
515
524
Through Import
43
50
59
73
Coking
18
22
21
Non-Coking
25
28
38
12-13
BE/Ap
2012-13
16-17
Proj
773*
981
537
580
795#
69
99
193
185
25
19
30
30
35
49
49
69
163
150
•Assessed by Planning Commission
•# Considering CIL's supply of 615 Mt as mentioned in Working Group Report XII Plan as 'optimistic Scenario"
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Continuous gap between Demand & Supply and the level of Import is consistently going up.
Total import of Coal -Coking as well as Power Grade likely to be ~ 193 mts.
And this story goes back to late 1990s when demand started outstripping domestic coal
production.
Basic reason has been the failure of the Industry on starting new Projects & in many cases on
increasing production even from on-going Projects.
While Coking Coal Import is understandable since our resources of this type of Coal are rather
limited, the import of non-coking coal is something which is difficult to digest.
Reasons for the Indian Coal Industry failing to meet the country’s Demand have been analysed on
a continuous basis
Suggestions made for over coming them but they remain largely unaddressed even now.
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Specific reasons :
a)Difficulty in getting Forestry Clearance
b)Difficulties in Land Acquisition
c)Difficulties in Rehabilitation and Resettlement of PAPs.
While a system overhaul is the answer for long-term solution, at the Industry level
within the existing frame work of regulatory regime, following should be looked at
for quick augmentation of Coal Production.
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EMP Clearance for an entire Coalfield
Production level (per EMP clearance) to be considered in totality for an entire Coalfield
To the extent some mines are failing to achieve the rated production, the other mines
should be allowed to exceed the production limit imposed by EMP clearance.
Total pollution load generated in that particulars coalfield will not exceed the limit
prescribed by them.
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EMP Clearance for an entire Coalfield
On account of Land Acquisition difficulties, quite a number of projects spread over different
coalfields have either not taken off or else are operating at sub optimal levels. For this reason
production is not being obtained at the levels cleared by MOEF while granting the
Environment Clearance. On the other hand, there are mines where land is available and
where from production can be increased but this is not being possible on account of lack of
Environmental Clearance.
If these mines are allowed to increase their production to the extent, other mines having
Environmental Clearance are not achieving their rated production level, the total pollution
load that would be generated will not exceed the level approved by MOEF.
It should therefore, be possible and logical for MOEF to permit the ongoing mines not facing
land constraints to increase their production level to make up for the short fall from those
mines where land is a problem
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UG Mines
300 U/G Mines in India, 273 with Coal India
300 mines produce just ~ 40 mtpa
Avg size = ~ 0.13 mt per mine p.a.
Reserves available at most of these mines are however, very large
Low production attributable to primitive technology and low level of mechanisation
Huge investments made since nationalization but results quite disappointing
Progress limited to adoption of intermediate technologies like LHDs & SDLs.
Lately Continuous Miners have been used successfully at some Mines. By adopting this
technology, the average production level from U/G Mines could be substantially increased.
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UG Mines – Task Force
Task force to study the geology of the individual mines for selecting units where
Continuous Mining Systems could be introduced.
Sustained campaign for introducing these technologies at selected mines  Sizeable
increase in production within a short time
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Infrastructure – Rail
Coalfields actively mined for quite long have reached near saturation level in production.
Large scale production increase possible only from Coalfields like North Karanpura, Mand-Raigarh,
Talcher and IB Valley.
These coalfields suffer from very poor Rail infrastructure – limits increasing production
Substantial increase in production attainable if rail infrastructure strengthened to ensure prompt
evacuation of Coal.
Since Coal companies have investible funds available, Railways should start laying new rail lines
and adding/ improving the Railway Sidings in these coalfields.
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Infrastructure – Road
Even at places where Rail facilities are available, transport of Coal to the sidings
becomes a problem on account of poor condition of the Roads.
New Roads can be constructed and existing ones improved quickly
Prompt evacuation of coal will create conditions for improvement in production.
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Private Public Partnership (PPP) in MDO
Dominance of Public Sector will continue in Coal Industry even in future.
Right since the time when Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) Act was passed,
Public Sector adopted the practice of carrying out all elements of mining operation
including ancillary activities like maintenance of building etc departmentally.
In most of the efficient coal producing countries, mining operations are being carried out
by specialized agencies working as mining contractors.
Even in India, coal transport from the Faces to Stocking Points/Sidings and OB Removal (
part/full) are being carried out contractually in many mines.
Reorienting the contract system so that reputed Corporate Houses are attracted to
undertake contract mining/MDO.
Modern mining technologies, management systems and ethical industrial relation
practices would be adopted ---- Quick increase in production
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Incentive Scheme
Gradually the effective working hours in Indian Coal Mines has been going down and its as
low as 10-12 hours per day.
One of the reasons is the Wage Structure in the Coal Industry which is related to time and
not to results.
While it is difficult to change the structure drastically, a properly designed Incentive
scheme could go a long way in increasing the working hours and consequently the coal
production.
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Equipment Maintenance
Equipment maintained in India mostly by Mine Owners/Operators.
Due to skill/discipline problems, maintenance standards have not been good  Poor
availability and utilization of the equipment.
In Opencast Mines (90% of the Indian coal production), Equipment Cost = Major part of
the Capital Investment.
Poor availability and utilization of the equipment hurts not only the production but also
the economics of the operation.
Most of the Equipment manufacturers now willing to get into Maintenance and Repair
Contracts (MARC) where a certain level of availability is assured.
This concept has already been tried at some of the units with satisfactory results. This
could be adopted on a larger scale for obtaining quick increase in coal production.
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Forestry and Environmental clearance
That Environment has got to be protected so that an inhabitable earth is handed over to
the future generation is beyond debate
But this also is beyond debate that as our Late Prime Minister Mrs Gandhi put it “Poverty is
the biggest Pollutant”.
Poverty has got to be addressed effectively for improving environment and this can be
done only by ensuring adequate and economically viable supply of Energy.
A balance has therefore to be struck between Environmental considerations and the
urgent need for Economic advancement of the country.
The question of Forestry and Environmental Clearances has therefore to be looked at from
this angle.
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Land Acquisition
Primary reason for difficulties in Land Acquisition = Intense emotional attachment of people to land.
Right now, mining industry acquires land on permanent basis and the acquired land is not put to use once the mining
operations are over.
Instead land could be taken on lease with clear cut assurance to the land owners that the land will be reclaimed and
handed over back to them after the mining operations are over. Naturally reclamation has to be done such that
reclaimed land is useful for economic activities like Agriculture and Horticulture etc.
This will no doubt cost some money but will go a long way in giving confidence to the land owners that loss of land is
only temporary.
During the period that the land is used for mining operations including the time required for reclamation , the land
owners should be paid generous lease rent, which should be 2-3 times the value of their current income from the land.
In all likelihood, this will go a long way in softening the resistance of the land owners.
It is a pity that the country’s economic progress is suffering for shortage of coal of which the country has huge resources.
Adoption of a pragmatic approach directed at balancing the Environmental considerations with the need for economic
development which will naturally contribute to Environmental improvement would surely go a long way in bridging the
gap between Coal Demand and Domestic production.
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Conclusion
It is a pity that the country’s economic progress is suffering for shortage of coal of which
the country has huge resources.
Adoption of a pragmatic approach directed at balancing the Environmental considerations
with the need for economic development which will naturally contribute to Environmental
improvement would surely go a long way in bridging the gap between Coal Demand and
Domestic production.
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Thank You
www.esselmining.com
www.adityabirla.com
ADITYA BIRLA GROUP
At a glance
Business Sectors
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Research & Development
Sustainability
Social Responsibility