Cellular phone content outline 3C Technology and Life - Cellular Phone Contents Professor : 許 恒 銘 Rm.705, EE Building / Professor : Heng-Ming Hsu Department of Electrical Engineering NCHU 許恒銘- Mar.9,2012 Cellular phone content outline Cellular - Phone History • 1946年,貝爾實驗室-蜂巢行動電話 (Cellular mobile phone),簡 稱為Cell-phone. • 1973年,摩托羅拉-兩塊磚頭大的無線電話撥打,代表著手機時 代即將來臨的第一通電話 . 1G: 上市是於 1985年上市, 重達3公斤 許恒銘- Mar.9,2012 2G: 適應數位通訊的需 要--增加數據、傳真、 簡訊等非語音的數 位訊號傳輸--每秒 9.6~ 14.4 Kbps, 速度太慢 3G: (Qual Com) 高通 CDMA2000,WCDMA, TD-SCDMA,三種通訊 協定,在頻寬利用和數據 通信方面都有進一步發 展 ,分別支援2 Mbps、 384 Kbps以及144 Kbps 等不同的傳輸速度 4G: LTE (Long Term Evolution)目前在市場 上備受矚目的新一代 行動無線寬頻技術, LTE估計最高下載速 率100Mbps與上傳 50Mbps以上 Cellular phone content outline LTE Current Status • LTE採用2x2配置作為MIMO的基本配置,即基站(Base Station)和終端(End Users)各兩根天線,未來會考慮 4x4配置。 • 在每一個 5MHz 的蜂窩(cell)內,至少能容納200個動 態使用者(active user)。 • 支援Multicast Broadcast Single Frequency Network • 用戶面單向傳輸時延低於5ms,控制面從睡眠狀態到激活 狀態遷移時間低於50ms。 • 在20MHz頻譜頻寬能夠提供下行100Mbps、上行50Mbps 的峰值速率。 LTE商用服務的國家截至2012年1月,全球共有285個營運商正在93個國家中投資LTE。 Taiwan devoted in WiMax, now it needs change to LTE. 許恒銘- Mar.9,2012 Cellular phone content outline LTE Technical Milestone • 2006年7月,NTT DoCoMo 和 NEC、富士通等設備夥伴開始 研發LTE。 • 2007年11月,3GPP工作組會議通過LTE TDD融合技術提案。 • 2008年2月20日,NTT DoCoMo選擇Ericsson參加LTE基站開 發項目。 • 2008年4月,Motorola展示首位 EV-DO 到 LTE - 影像流從 LTE 到商業 EV-DO 網路,並回到 LTE。 • 2008年4月,LG電子 和 Nortel Networks (北電網路)展示在 110KM時速狀態下移動時,使用LTE可以達到50Mbit/s的傳輸速 度. 許恒銘- Mar.9,2012 Cellular phone content outline 蜂巢式行動電話通訊系統 蜂巢理論模型 基地台涵蓋範圍示意圖 許恒銘- Mar.9,2012 Cellular phone content outline Wireless communication Evolution Ref. 2002 IEDM RF Short Course 許恒銘- Mar.9,2012 Cellular phone content outline 許恒銘- Mar.9,2012 Cellular phone content outline 許恒銘- Mar.9,2012 Cellular phone content outline Transceiver Architecture Multi-Chip Module Flash Base Band RF Front End Power Amplifier 許恒銘- Mar.9,2012 More than one IC’s were implemented into wireless products. Cellular phone content outline Benefits of System-on-Chip One Single Chip ☺ Size ☺ Cost (Package,Die,..) Bus Baseband PA ☺ Power consumption ☺ Customer orientation Module RF ☺ Time to market 許恒銘- Mar.9,2012 Cellular phone content outline 許恒銘- Mar.9,2012 Cellular phone content outline Near Field of Antenna 許恒銘- Mar.9,2012 Cellular phone content outline IC technologies – 0.25um, 0.18um, 0.13um, 90nm,65nm,45nm Cross-sections of MOS (metal-oxide-semiconductor) transistor VDD Gate N+ Drain N+ Source P-well Bulk 許恒銘- Mar.9,2012 Cellular phone content outline Technology Scaling Rule Technology (mm) 許恒銘- Mar.9,2012 Scale 0.5 0.3536 0.35 0.2475 0.25 0.1768 0.18 0.1273 0.13 0.0919 0.09 0.0636 0.065 0.046 0.045 0.0318 Cellular phone content outline Wafer size – 6’’, 8’’, 12’’ 許恒銘- Mar.9,2012 Cellular phone content outline 許恒銘- Mar.9,2012 Cellular phone content outline System IC Business Diagram • System IC is driving the whole semiconductor industry ! 許恒銘- Mar.9,2012 Cellular phone content outline 許恒銘- Mar.9,2012 Cellular phone content outline Building Block of Memory ICs – High Capacitance / Low Leakage Current. – High Packing Density / Low Process Cost. 許恒銘- Mar.9,2012 Cellular phone content outline Building Block of Logic ICs – Fast Switching. – High Current Drivability. 許恒銘- Mar.9,2012 Cellular phone content outline Interconnection • Why Multilevel Interconnect ? – To allow tighter packing of devices on a chip • improve interconnect limited device packing – To reduce chip size and/or increase functions of a chip – To minimize unnecessarily long interconnect route • speed up signal delay Multilevel interconnect with interlevel planarization ! 許恒銘- Mar.9,2012 Cellular phone content outline Impact of Interconnect Delay – Interconnect will be dominant in signal delay – Cu/Low-k retards the trend ~2 generations 許恒銘- Mar.9,2012 Cellular phone content outline Technology Roadmap • Scaling continues for better performances ! 許恒銘- Mar.9,2012 Cellular phone content outline Conclusions • Frequencies & data rates will be continuous to increase • All device functions will be merged into one single chip. • IC is a promising & competitive area for production innovation. 許恒銘- Mar.9,2012