Urban Water Management
Dr Raziyeh Farmani (r.farmani@exeter.ac.uk)
Centre for Water Systems, University of Exeter, UK
Regional Visions of Integrated Sustainable Infrastructure Optimised for Neighbourhoods
Regional Visions of Integrated Sustainable Infrastructure Optimised for Neighbourhoods
Research
• Water Resources Management,
– Groundwater contamination, Denmark
– Integrated aquifer management, Spain
– Flood plain management, Hungary and Ukraine
• Asset Management,
– Water distribution system, Portugal, UK, Iran
– Irrigation networks, Spain
– Water supply, Czech Republic
• Hydroinformatics
– Development and application of optimisation techniques to
engineering systems
– ICT (smart water metering) for supply-demand management
• Urban Water and sustainability,
– UK and Italy
Regional Visions of Integrated Sustainable Infrastructure Optimised for Neighbourhoods
Outline
• UK Context and approach
• Research:
– Form
– Function
• Conclusions
UK water context
• Reduce per capita potable water demand to
130 l/p/d by 2030
• Improve surface water management, especially
to manage flood risk
• Continue progress in improving environmental
water quality to Water Framework Directive
‘good’ status
• Reduce greenhouse gas emissions (80% by
2050).
• Provide 200,000 new homes by 2016.
Water Stress levels in England
Regional Visions of Integrated Sustainable Infrastructure Optimised for Neighbourhoods
Water Supply-demand balance
• Impact of urban form
• Trend
• Compaction
• Market led
• Impact of water technology options
• Water efficient appliance
• Rainwater Harvesting (RWH)
• Greywater Reuse (GWR)
Regional Visions of Integrated Sustainable Infrastructure Optimised for Neighbourhoods
Water technologies
• Sustainable Drainage (SuDS)
• Pond
• Swale
• Permeable Pavement
• Green Roofs
Regional Visions of Integrated Sustainable Infrastructure Optimised for Neighbourhoods
Water consumption – PCC
(Wider South East Water Companies, 2031)
Average Water Consumption (l/p/d)
240
220
200
180
160
140
120
100
Defra 2030 water use target
for England
Measured Average PCC
Unmeasured Average PCC
Regional Visions of Integrated Sustainable Infrastructure Optimised for Neighbourhoods
Water consumption and %metered households
(Wider South East, 2031)
90
80
220
70
200
60
180
50
160
40
30
140
20
120
100
Measured Average PCC
Unmeasured Average PCC
%Metered
Household Metering Penetration (%)
Average Water Consumption (l/p/d)
240
130
10
0
Regional Visions of Integrated Sustainable Infrastructure Optimised for Neighbourhoods
Supply Demand Balance
(Wider South East, 2031)
80
Supply Demand Balnce (Ml/d)
30
-20
-70
Essex & Suffolk Water,
Essex
-120
-170
-220
-270
-320
Thames Water,
London
Regional Visions of Integrated Sustainable Infrastructure Optimised for Neighbourhoods
General data
2031
Essex & Suffolk Water - Thames Water London
Essex
Total Population
1,782,593
7,731,805
Total Properties
825,172
3,391,403
Total Household Metering
penetration
71%
52%
Supply-Demand Balance
-57.48 Ml/d
-311.78 Ml/d
Regional Visions of Integrated Sustainable Infrastructure Optimised for Neighbourhoods
Greywater Reuse (GWR)
Essex & Suffolk Water - Essex
• Greywater supply (71.6 l/p/d, 50% of
domestic water demand)
– Hand basin
– Shower
– Bath
• Demand for greywater (35.6 l/p/d, 49% of
domestic greywater supply)
– Toilet
Regional Visions of Integrated Sustainable Infrastructure Optimised for Neighbourhoods
Rainwater Harvesting (RWH)
•
•
•
•
Average annual rainfall
Available roof area
Number of occupants sharing the roof area
Tank size
Regional Visions of Integrated Sustainable Infrastructure Optimised for Neighbourhoods
Urban Form
Regional Visions of Integrated Sustainable Infrastructure Optimised for Neighbourhoods
Tile-based Water Service Optioneering
Detached House
Flat
RWH - individual
RWH - communal
GWR - individual
GWR - communal
Swale
Pervious pavements
Pond
Regional Visions of Integrated Sustainable Infrastructure Optimised for Neighbourhoods
Area Type – Water Service Optioneering
Regional Visions of Integrated Sustainable Infrastructure Optimised for Neighbourhoods
Land Use – Water modelling framework
Land use
Water service
optioneering
Technology costs
and energy
Water Company data
Tile based data
Ward
Water Resource Zone
Water Company
Regional Visions of Integrated Sustainable Infrastructure Optimised for Neighbourhoods
Regional Visions of Integrated Sustainable Infrastructure Optimised for Neighbourhoods
Impact of urban form on supply-demand balance
Chelmsford
FM
ML
Trend
CC
GWR(HH)
RWH(HH)
GWR(COM)
RWH(COM)
Regional Visions of Integrated Sustainable Infrastructure Optimised for Neighbourhoods
Water demand management
Essex Water Resource Zone
• Water Company projections for demand
and meter penetration
• Water Company projections for demand
and 100% meter penetration
• Water efficient appliances
Regional Visions of Integrated Sustainable Infrastructure Optimised for Neighbourhoods
supply- Water
SupplyTotal demand saving
demand
Total
Total
Demand balance (GWR,
balance
Dwellings Population (Ml/d) (Ml/d) Ml/d) (GWR impact)
water demand
management option
Water
Company
Trend
Water
Saving
(RWH,
Ml/d)
supply-demand
balance (RWH
impact)
825,172 1,782,593
257
-57.5
Essex water company
885,051 1,808,432
266
-66.3
32.2
-34.1
11.7
-54.7
100% metering
885,051 1,808,432
258
-58.6
32.2
-26.4
11.9
-46.8
Water efficienct
appliances (120 l/p/d) 885,051 1,808,432
247
-47
30.8
-16.2
11.6
-35.4
Essex
zone’s
supply
demand
balance
Supply-demand balance
(Ml/d)
0
WDM
GWR
RWH
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
Essex water company
100% metering
Water efficienct appliances (120 l/p/d)
Regional Visions of Integrated Sustainable Infrastructure Optimised for Neighbourhoods
South-East England
Supply-demand balance
2031 - Companies projection
2031 – Water efficient appliances
Regional Visions of Integrated Sustainable Infrastructure Optimised for Neighbourhoods
South-East England
Supply-demand balance
2031 – Water efficient appliances + RWH
2031 – Water efficient appliances + GWR
Regional Visions of Integrated Sustainable Infrastructure Optimised for Neighbourhoods
Conclusions
•
•
•
•
Water issues increasingly constrain development, yet
development itself limits water options, especially
innovative ones.
Shown already there is a tension, between urban form,
technological solutions and resulting costs.
Intend to explore technological options further, especially
synergies with other infrastructure.
Large challenges to overcome as we balance societal,
economic and environmental needs