James A. Senn’s
Information Technology, 3rd Edition
Chapter 2
Essentials of Computing
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© 2004 Pearson Prentice Hall
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Objectives
• Mengidentifikasi 5 komponen sistem komputer.
• Menerangkan 4 kategori hardware dan fungsifungsinya.
• Mendiskusikan hubungan antara hardware dan
software.
• Membedakan antara sistem operasi dan
program aplikasi.
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Objectives (Continued)
• Mengidentifikasi 10 tipe paket software.
• Menerangkan 4 komponen informasi.
• Mengerti perbedaan antara pengguna
teknologi informasi dan profesi teknologi
informsi.
• Menentukan 4 tipa prosedur dalam sistem
komputer.
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Objectives (Continued)
• Menerangkan perbedaan antara sistem single
user dan multi user.
• Daftar dari 13 informasi-pemrosesan aktivitas
yang digabungkan dengan 5 fungsi
penanganan informasi dari teknologi
informasi.
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Hardware: Computing, Storing and
Communication
Definition
• Computer: Sistem elektronik yang dapat diinstruksikan
untuk menerima, proses, penyimpanan dan memberikan
informasi.
• Computer System: Komputer dan semua hardware yang
terhubung dengannya.
– Hardware
– Programs
– Information
– People
– Procedures
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Hardware: Computing, Storing and
Communication
Definition (Continued)
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Hardware: Computing, Storing and
Communication
Hardware
• Hardware (computer hardware or devices):
Komputer dan kumpulan peralatannya.
– Input devices
– Processors
– Output devices
– Secondary storage devices
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Hardware: Computing, Storing and
Communication
Hardware (Continued)
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Hardware: Computing, Storing and
Communication
Hardware (Continued)
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Hardware: Computing, Storing and
Communication
Input Devices
• Input: Data atau informasi yang dimasukkan kedalam
komputer atau proses memasukkan data atau informasi
kedalam komputer untuk proses, penyimpanan dan
pengambilan atau transmisi.
– Keyboards
– Point-of-sale terminals
– Mouse
– Image scanners
– Bar code scanners and wands
– Microphones
– Prerecorded sources
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Hardware: Computing, Storing and
Communication
Input Devices (Continued)
• Bar Code: Kode yang dapat dibaca komputer yang berisi
batang-batang atau baris-baris yang bervariasi lebar dan
panjangnya.
• Wand: Peralatan input yang digunakan untuk membaca
bar code dan memasukkan informasi ini secara
langsung kedalam komputer.
• Multimedia: Sistem yang berisi tambahan-tambahan PC
standard tetapi juga mempunyak kemampuan untuk
menangani audio, video, animasi dan grafik.
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Hardware: Computing, Storing and
Communication
The Processor
• Processor/Central Processing Unit (CPU):
Kumpulan sirkuit elektronik yang membentuk
tindakan proses komputer.
• Microprocessor: Tipe terkecil prosesor, dimana
semua kemampuan proses control unit dan
ALU diletakkan pada single chip.
• Chip: Kumpulan komponen elektronik yang
sangat kecil,
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Hardware: Computing, Storing and
Communication
The Processor (Continued)
• System Board (Mother Board): Sistem unit
dalam microcomputer, diletakkan pada dasar
basis komputer.
• Primary Storage (Main Memory): Penyimpanan
dalam komputernya sendiri. Primary memory
menyimpan data hanya sementara, sebagai
instruksi yang dieksekusi.
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Hardware: Computing, Storing and
Communication
Output Devices
• Output: Hasil input dan pemrosesan data dan
informasi yang dikembalikan oleh komputer,
secara langsung ke orang yang menggunakan
sistem atau ke secondary storage.
– Control a printer
– Direct a display
– Control another device
– Generate sounds
– Initiate transmission of information
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Hardware: Computing, Storing and
Communication
Secondary Storage Devices
• Secondary Storage (Auxiliary Storage): Media
penyimpanan yang berada diluar komputer,
tetapi dapat dibaca oleh komputer.
– Diskettes
– Zip Disks
– Hard Disks
– Optical Disks
– Magnetic Tape
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Hardware: Computing, Storing and
Communication
Secondary Storage Devices (Continued)
• Magnetic Disks: Umumnya terdiri 2 tipe disk
penyimpanan: flexible/floppy disk dan hard
disk.
• Zip Disks: Serupa dengan disket, tetapi dibungkus
dalam tempat plastik keras. Disk ini dapat disimpan
70 s/d 175 kali dan dapat disimpan dan mengambil
data lebih cepat dari disket.
• Read Only: Tipe disk yang informasi dapat dibaca
dari tetapi tidak ditulis. A
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Hardware: Computing, Storing and
Communication
Secondary Storage Devices (Continued)
• CD-ROM disk: Short for “compact disk – read
only memory,” an optical storage medium that
permits storage of large amounts of
information. CD-ROM disks can only be written
to and cannot be erased.
• Drive: The device containing a secondary
storage medium’s read/write unit.
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Hardware: Computing, Storing and
Communication
Peripheral Equipment
• Peripheral Equipment: A general term used for
any device that is attached to a computer
system.
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Programs: In Charge of the Hardware
Definition
• Software: The general term for a set of instructions that
controls a computer or a communications network.
• Program: A set of instructions that directs a computer to
perform certain tasks and produce certain results.
• Communication Program: A program that manages the
interaction between a computer system and a
communications network and the transmission of data,
programs, and information over the network.
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Programs: In Charge of the Hardware
Definition (Continued)
• Operating System: A combination of programs that
coordinates the actions of a computer, including its
peripheral devices and memory. For example, DOS (Disk
Operating System), and Windows.
• Graphic User Interface (GUI): A link to an operating
system that allows users to use icons rather than
command words to start processing.
• Interface: The means by which a person interacts with a
computer.
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Programs: In Charge of the Hardware
Software Packages
• Software Package: An application that focuses
on a particular subject, such as word
processing, and is sold to businesses and the
general public.
• Documentation: An instruction manual that
accompanies software. Also, a technical,
detailed written description of the specific
facts of a program.
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Programs: In Charge of the Hardware
Software Packages (Continued)
• Spreadsheet: A table of columns and rows
used by people responsible for tracking
revenues, expenses, profits, and losses.
• Word-processing (WP) Program: A program
that allows the user to enter, change (edit),
move, store, and print text information.
• Desktop Publishing (DTP) Program: A program
that combines text and image-handling
features with document-design capabilities.
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Programs: In Charge of the Hardware
Software Packages
• Graphics Presentation Program: A program that
translates data into visual representations using charts,
graphs, and map.
• Photo Editing Program: A program used to touch up,
remove, or add features to a digital version of
photographs.
• Illustration Program: A program in which the computer
screen becomes a drawing board on which artists
translate their ideas into visual form.
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Programs: In Charge of the Hardware
Software Packages (Continued)
• Database Management Program: A program
that makes it possible for users to manage the
data in ways that increase accessibility and
productivity.
• Database: A collection of data and information
describing items of interest to an organization.
• Browser: Client computer program designed to
locate and display information on the World
Wide Web.
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Programs: In Charge of the Hardware
Software Packages (Continued)
• Information System or Management Information System
(MIS): A business information system designed to
produce the information needed for successful
management of a structured problem, process,
department, or business.
• Transaction Processing: A shared business information
system that uses a combination of information
technology and manual procedures to process data and
information and to manage transactions.
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Programs: In Charge of the Hardware
Software Packages (Continued)
• Computer Programming Language: A series of
commands or codes that a computer can
translate into the electronic pulses that
underlie all computing activities.
• Utility Program (Utilities): Special programs
used to perform tasks that occur repeatedly
using processing.
• Custom Software: Software written specially
for a particular business.
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Programs: In Charge of the Hardware
Software Trends
• Software Trends
– Greater use of prewritten software packages.
– Greater user of prewritten components.
• Object-oriented Programming: Software development
combining data and procedures into a single object.
• Object: A component that contains data about itself and
how it is to be processed.
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Information: The Reason for Using
Information Technology
Definition
• Information: An organized, meaningful, and useful
interpretation of data.
–
–
–
–
Data
Text
Sound
Images
• Data: Raw facts, figures, and details.
• Spoken Information: Information that is conveyed by
sound.
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Information: The Reason for Using
Information Technology
Definition (Continued)
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People: Users and Creators of IT
Applications
Users
• User (End User): The people who uses IT in
their jobs or personal lives.
– Hands-on users
– Indirect end users
– User managers
– Senior managers
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People: Users and Creators of IT
Applications
Information Technology Professionals
• Information Technology Professional: A person who is
responsible for acquiring, developing, maintaining, or
operating the hardware associated with computers and
communications networks.
– Programmers
– Systems Analysts
– System Designers
– Web Designers
– Project Managers
– Network Specialists
– Trainers
– Computer Operators
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People: Users and Creators of IT
Applications
Information Technology Professionals
(Continued)
• Programmer/Analyst: A person who has joint
responsibility for determining system
requirements and developing and
implementing the systems.
• Data Center (Computer Center): A facility at
which large and midrange computer systems
are located. These systems are shared by
many users who are interconnected with the
system through communications links.
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People: Users and Creators of IT
Applications
Information Technology Professionals
(Continued)
• Computer Engineer: An IT professional who
designs, develops, and oversees the
manufacturing of computer equipment.
• Systems Engineer: An IT professional who
installs and maintains hardware.
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Procedures: Processes to Use and
Maintain IT
Procedures
• Procedure: A step-by-step process or a set of
instructions for accomplishing specific results.
– Operations
– Backup and Recovery
– Security
– Development
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Procedures: Processes to Use and
Maintain IT
Procedures (Continued)
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Procedures: Processes to Use and
Maintain IT
Procedures (Continued)
• Operations Procedure: A procedure that describes how
a computer system or application is used, how often it
can be used, who is authorized to use it, and where the
results of processing should go.
• Backup Procedure: A procedure that describes how and
when to make extra copies of information or software to
protect against losses.
• Recovery Procedure: An action taken when information
or software must be restored.
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Procedures: Processes to Use and
Maintain IT
Procedures (Continued)
• Security Procedure: A procedure designed to safeguard
data centers, communications networks, computers,
and other IT components from accidental intrusion or
intentional damage.
• Security Software: Software that is designed to protect
systems and data.
• Development Procedure: A procedure that explains how
IT professionals should describe user needs and
develop applications to meet those needs.
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An Introduction to Systems
Definition
• System: A set of components that interact to
accomplish a purpose.
• Single-User System (Personal Computer): An
IT system used by only one person. A system
that stands alone and is not interconnected
with other companies or shared by other
people.
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An Introduction to Systems
Definition (Continued)
• Multi-user System: A communication system in
which more than one user share hardware,
programs, information, people, and
procedures.
– To share a computer
– To share hardware
– To share software
– To share information
– To share communications
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Information Processing
Information Processing Activities
Associated with Information-handling
Functions
• Capture
– Input
– Upload/Download
• Uploading: The process by which
information is sent from a PC to a
mainframe.
• Downloading: The transfer of information
from a central system to a desktop
computer.
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Information Processing
Information Processing Activities
Associated with Information-handling
Functions (Continued)
• Processing
– Compute
– Update
• Batch Processing: The grouping and processing
of all transactions at one time.
• Real-time Processing: The processing of each
transaction as it occurs.
– Classify
– Sort
– Summarize
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Information Processing
Information Processing Activities
Associated with Information-handling
Functions (Continued)
• Generate
– Output
– Issue
• Storage and Retrieval
– Inquire
– Store
– Retrieve
• Transmit
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