CHAPTER 5 Organizational Systems 5.1 © Prentice Hall 2002 ORGANIZATIONAL SYSTEMS • TRANSACTION PROCESSING SYSTEMS • ENTERPRISE RESOURCE PLANNING SYSTEMS • DATA WAREHOUSING • OFFICE AUTOMATION • GROUPWARE • INTRANETS • FACTORY AUTOMATION * 5.2 © Prentice Hall 2002 MANAGERIAL SUPPORT SYSTEMS DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS DATA MINING GROUP SUPPORT SYSTEMS GEOGRAPHIC INFO SYSTEMS EXECUTIVE INFO SYSTEMS EXPERT SYSTEMS NEURAL NETWORKS VIRTUAL REALITY * 5.3 • • • • • • • • © Prentice Hall 2002 BATCH vs. ON-LINE PROCESSING • BATCH PROCESSING: Accumulate a suitable batch of transactions, then process entire batch • ON-LINE PROCESSING: Process transactions as they occur, updating all files almost immediately * 5.4 © Prentice Hall 2002 DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS & CLIENT/SERVER SYSTEMS • THE DISTRIBUTION OF PROCESSING POWER TO MULTIPLE SITES • TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKING BECOMES CRITICAL * 5.5 © Prentice Hall 2002 CLIENT/SERVER SYSTEMS • PROCESSING POWER DISTRIBUTED BETWEEN A CENTRAL SERVER, SUCH AS A MINICOMPUTER OR POWERFUL WORKSTATION, AND A NUMBER OF CLIENT COMPUTERS, USUALLY DESKTOP MICROCOMPUTERS • SPLIT IN RESPONSIBILITIES BETWEEN SERVER AND CLIENT VARIES FROM APPLICATION TO APPLICATION 5.6 * © Prentice Hall 2002 CLIENT/SERVER SYSTEMS • BUILDING BLOCKS OF A CLIENT/SERVER SYSTEM: – Client: Wants file, data, or service – Server: Location of desired support • MIDDLEWARE: Software needed to support interaction between clients and servers * 5.7 © Prentice Hall 2002 CLIENT / SERVER CLIENT REQUESTS SERVER DATA, SERVICE 5.8 USER INTERFACE DATA APPLICATION APPLICATION FUNCTION FUNCTION NETWORK RESOURCES © Prentice Hall 2002 ALTERNATIVE CLIENT/SERVER MODELS • TWO-TIER FAT CLIENT OR THIN SERVER MODEL: Most work done on client • TWO-TIER THIN CLIENT OR FAT SERVER MODEL: Most work done on server * 5.9 © Prentice Hall 2002 ALTERNATIVE CLIENT/SERVER MODELS • THREE-TIER MODEL: Separate application and database servers. User interface is on client (tier 1), processing is on application server (tier 2), and data is on database server (tier 3) * 5.10 © Prentice Hall 2002 TRANSACTION PROCESSING SYSTEMS • • • • • • • 5.11 PAYROLL ORDER ENTRY INVENTORY ACCOUNTS PAYABLE ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE HUMAN RESOURCES MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS PLANNING (MRP) * © Prentice Hall 2002 ENTERPRISE RESOURCE PLANNING SYSTEMS (ERP) • SPECIAL TYPE OF TRANSACTION PROCESSING SYSTEM • A SET OF INTEGRATED BUSINESS APPLICATIONS PURCHASED FROM A SOFTWARE VENDOR • USUALLY INCLUDE MODULES TO CARRY OUT COMMON BUSINESS FUNCTIONS 5.12 * © Prentice Hall 2002 ENTERPRISE RESOURCE PLANNING SYSTEMS (ERP) • DISTINGUISHING FEATURES FROM EARLIER TPS: Modules integrated through common definitions, common database. Modules reflect a particular set of business processes • LEADING VENDORS: SAP (German), Baan, Oracle, and PeopleSoft * 5.13 © Prentice Hall 2002 DATA WAREHOUSING • ESTABLISHMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF A LARGE DATA STORAGE FACILITY CONTAINING DATA ON MANY ASPECTS OF THE ENTERPRISE • DATA PULLED FROM OPERATIONAL SYSTEMS, PLACED IN A SEPARATE “DATA WAREHOUSE”: Users may analyze data without endangering operational systems * 5.14 © Prentice Hall 2002 DATA WAREHOUSING THREE TYPES OF SOFTWARE : • WAREHOUSE CONSTRUCTION SOFTWARE: Extracts relevant data from databases • WAREHOUSE OPERATION SOFTWARE: Stores data, manages warehouse • WAREHOUSE ACCESS AND ANALYSIS SOFTWARE: Catalog, query reporting tools * 5.15 © Prentice Hall 2002 OFFICE AUTOMATION THE USE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY TO AUTOMATE VARIOUS ASPECTS OF OFFICE OPERATIONS 5.16 © Prentice Hall 2002 OFFICE AUTOMATION • MICROCOMPUTERS CONNECTED BY LOCAL AREA NETWORKS (LAN) • WORD PROCESSING AND APPLICATION SUITES • ELECTRONIC MAIL • WORD PROCESSING • PHOTOCOPYING * 5.17 © Prentice Hall 2002 OFFICE AUTOMATION • DOCUMENT PREPARATION • VOICE MAIL • DESKTOP PUBLISHING • PERSONAL DATABASES • ELECTRONIC CALENDARING • FACSIMILE MACHINES * 5.18 © Prentice Hall 2002 GROUPWARE • SOFTWARE DESIGNED TO SUPPORT GROUPS BY FACILITATING COLLABORATION, COMMUNICATION, AND COORDINATION • GROUPWARE FUNCTIONS: Electronic mail, bulletin boards, computer conferencing, calendaring, group scheduling, sharing documents * 5.19 © Prentice Hall 2002 GROUPWARE • MORE FUNCTIONS: Electronic whiteboards, meeting support systems, workflow routing, electronic forms, desktop videoconferencing * 5.20 © Prentice Hall 2002 INTRANETS • NETWORK OPERATING WITHIN AN ORGANIZATION THAT EMPLOYS THE TCP/IP PROTOCOL • USES SAME WEB BROWSER, CRAWLER, SERVER SOFTWARE AS INTERNET • INTRANETS DELIVER FUNCTIONALITY OF GROUPWARE AT LOWER COST * 5.21 © Prentice Hall 2002 FACTORY AUTOMATION • NUMERICALLY CONTROLLED MACHINES • MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS PLANNING (MRP) • COMPUTER-INTEGRATED MANUFACTURING (CIM) • COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN (CAD): Computer generates plans for parts 5.22 * © Prentice Hall 2002 FACTORY AUTOMATION • COMPUTER-AIDED ENGINEERING (CAE): Computer generates calculations • GROUP TECHNOLOGY (GT) • MANUFACTURING RESOURCE PLANNING (MRP II): Computer consolidates capacity needs • SUPPLY-CHAIN MANAGEMENT (SCM): Controls distribution of raw materials, finished products * 5.23 © Prentice Hall 2002 FACTORY AUTOMATION • COMPUTER-AIDED MANUFACTURING (CAM): Computers control processes • MANUFACTURING AUTOMATION PROTOCOL (MAP): Protocol to ensure open manufacturing system • ROBOTICS * 5.24 © Prentice Hall 2002 CHAPTER 5 Organizational Systems 5.25 © Prentice Hall 2002