Sustainable Use Of The Ocean: The Role Of
Marine Technologists
Omar bin Yaakob, FRINA
Marine Technology Centre
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
International Marine & Offshore Engineering Conference
Al Jubail Saudi Arabia
3rd & 4th September 2014
1
SUSTAINABILITY AND SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT
2
Sustainable Development
Development which meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own
needs
Our Common Future
(Bruntland Report), 1987
A dynamic process which enables all people to realise their
potential and improve their quality of life in ways which
simultaneously protect and enhance the Earth’s support systems
Forum for the Future (UK)
Economic
Environmental
Social
3
Sustainable Way of Life
“A way of life that safeguards
and enhances our resources,
prevents harm to the natural
environment and human health,
and sustains and benefits the
community and local economy –
for the sake of current and
future generations.”
-Santa Monica Sustainable City Program
4
Key events in sustainable development
discourse
1983-1987
1992
World
Commission
on
Environment
and
Development
(known
as
the
Brundtland
Commission). "Humanity has the ability to make
development sustainable - to ensure that it meets
the needs of the present without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet their own
needs”
The United Nations Conference on Environment and
Development: Rio de Janeiro.
o Rio
Declaration
on
Environment
and
Development
o Agenda 21
o Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC)
5
UN FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON
CLIMATE CHANGE (UNFCC)




Entered into force on 21 March 1994. As of March
2014, UNFCCC has 196 parties.
The parties to the convention have met annually from
1995 in Conferences of the Parties (COP) to assess
progress in dealing with climate change.
1997, the Kyoto Protocol established legally binding
obligations for developed countries to reduce their
greenhouse gas emissions.
16th COP in Cancún agreed that future global
warming should be limited to below 2.0 °C (3.6 °F)
relative to the pre-industrial level
6
UN Conference on Sustainable Development held
in Rio de Janeiro in 2012. (Rio +20)
Outcome: A document, entitled “The Future We Want”.
Governments agreed that the UN General Assembly
should launch a process to establish a set of specific
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), together with
a strategy to finance their implementation.
To develop the SDGs, a 30-member Open Working
Group of the UN General Assembly was established in
January 2013.
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OCEAN SUSTAINABILITY
8
Inputs from the Ocean Stakeholders:
Sustainable development goal for oceans and coasts to
face the challenges for our future ocean:
1. Ensure basic life-sustaining and regulating functions of the
oceans;
2. Ensure a healthy and productive marine environment to
sustain all provisioning and non-provisioning services of
oceans and coasts;
3. Build resilient coastal communities through mitigation and
adaptation strategies, innovation and sustainable
development, by sharing benefits and responsibilities;
4. Engage in integrated and multi-level ocean governance.
The proposal does not contain any timelines or indicators.
Prof. MartinVisbeck et al., Kiel University, Germany (2013;
http://fileserver.futureocean.org/forschung/r1/ocean_sustainability_visbeck_et_al.pdf).
9
Inputs from the Ocean Stakeholders:
Healthy seas and oceans (blue economy) with five
priority areas:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Protection of marine biodiversity;
Elimination of unsustainable fishing practices;
Reduction of marine pollution;
Monitoring of ocean acidification;
Conservation of biodiversity in areas beyond
national jurisdiction.
Civil Society Organizations at 64th Annual UN Department of Public Information NGO
Conference (2011; http://www.un.org/wcm/content/site/ngoconference/resources/final)
10
IOC/UNESCO,
IMO, FAO, UNDP
(2011), A
BLUEPRINT FOR
OCEAN AND
COASTAL
SUSTAINABILITY,
PARIS:
IOC/UNESCO,
UNITED NATIONS
11
1. Implement Urgent Actions to Mitigate and Adapt to Ocean
Acidification
2. Develop and Execute a Global Program aimed at Greater
Protection and Restoration of Vital Ocean and Coastal Habitats,
and develop a Global Blue Carbon Market as a means of Creating
Direct Economic Gain through Habitat Protection
3. Strengthen the Legal Framework to Effectively Address Aquatic
Invasive Species
4. Build
Green
Societies
in
Small
Island
Developing
States:Addressing Key Vulnerabilities
5. Increase Efforts for Responsible Fisheries and Aquaculture in a
Green Economy
IOC/UNESCO, IMO, FAO, UNDP (2011). A Blueprint for Ocean and Coastal
Sustainability. Paris: IOC/UNESCO, United Nations
12
6. Green the Nutrient Economy and Reduce Ocean Hypoxia
through Policy, Regulatory and Economic Instruments that
Promote Nutrient Efficiency and Recovery
7. Create and Implement an Institutional and Legal Framework to
Protect Habitats and Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction
8. Reform Regional Ocean Management Organisations
9. Enhance Coordination, Coherence and Effectiveness of the UN
System on Oceans Issues
10. Increase Institutional and Human Capacity for Sustained
Observations, Monitoring, Marine Research, and Progress
Evaluation of International Commitments
IOC/UNESCO, IMO, FAO, UNDP (2011). A Blueprint for Ocean and Coastal
Sustainability. Paris: IOC/UNESCO, United Nations
13
International
Maritime
Organisation,
Sustainable
Maritime
Transportation
System, London,
2013.
14
“..A Sustainable Maritime Transportation System
… entail partnerships between Governments, ship
builders, classification societies, manufacturers,
R&D establishments and academic institutions.
The maritime transport industry should take
advantage of new technology in order to maximize
its environmental performance as well as to
enhance safety, and be prepared for new cargo
types and new trades. …”
International Maritime Organisation, Sustainable Maritime Transportation
System, London, 2013.
15
LATEST UPDATES ON SDGS:
In July 2014 UN Open Working Group on Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs) submitted seventeen
SDGs to the UN General Assembly, including Ocean
SDG.
Goal: "Conserve and sustainably use the
oceans, seas and marine resources for
sustainable development".
16
Specific Targets of The Ocean SDG include:
1. Preventing and significantly reducing marine pollution of
all kinds – by 2025.
2. Sustainably managing and protecting marine and coastal
ecosystems to avoid significant adverse impacts – by
2020.
3. Minimizing and addressing the impacts of ocean
acidification – no target date.
4. Restoring fish stocks by regulating harvesting, ending
overfishing, illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU)
fishing and destructive fishing, and implementing sciencebased management – by 2020.
▪
17
5. Conserving at least 10% of coastal and marine areas –
by 2020.
6. Prohibiting certain fisheries subsidies which contribute to
overcapacity and overfishing, eliminating subsidies that
contribute to IUU fishing, and refraining from introducing
new such subsidies – by 2020.
7. Increasing the economic benefits to small island
developing states and least developed countries from the
sustainable use of marine resources – by 2030.
▪
18
THREE ISSUES IN SHIPPING AND
SUSTAINABILITY
19
Invasion
of alien
Species
Shipping &
Sustainability
Carbon
Dioxide
Pollution
20
MARINE POLLUTION
21
Sewage
Garbage
Noise
Pollution
Oil
Wash
Emission
Noxious
Gases
(Nox, Sox,
CFC)
Chemicals
22
22
Shipping &
Sustainability
Sewage
Garbage
Noise
Regulations/Conventions
MARPOL 73/78
Oil
Wash
• Annexe I (oil)
• Annexe II (chemicals in bulk)
• Annexe III (chemicals in
packaged form)
Emission
Noxious
Gases
(Nox, Sox,
CFC)
Chemicals
• Annexe IV (sewage)
• Annexe V (garbage)
• Annexe VI (air emissions)
23
Invasion
of alien
Species
Shipping &
Sustainability
Carbon
Dioxide
Pollution
24
ALIEN INVASION!!
25
Shipping &
Sustainability
26
 International Convention for the Control and Management of
Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments (the Ballast Water
Management or BWM Convention) Ballast Water Convention
2004.
 Two standards:
D1 – Ballast Water Exchange
D2 – Ballast water Treatment for all ships from 2016*
REQUIRED FOR RATIFICATION: 30 COUNTRIES/35% WORLD
TONNAGE
AS OF NOW:
38/30.38%
27
ELEMENTS OF BWM
Balaji, R., Yaakob, O. and Koh, K.K. (2014). A Review of
Developments in Ballast Water Management.
Environmental Reviews. doi: 10.1139/er-2013-0073.
28
Invasion
of alien
Species
Shipping &
Sustainability
Carbon
Dioxide
Pollution
29
THE CARBON DIOXIDE MENACE
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Carbon
Dioxide
31
Credit: Richard A. Feely, Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration, USA, with atmospheric data from Pieter Tans and seawater
data from David Karl. Adapted from Feely (2008) in Levinson and Lawrimore (eds), Bull. Am.
Meteorol. Soc, 89(7): S58.
32
33
“Our study showed that all animal groups we considered are affected negatively by
higher carbon dioxide concentrations. Corals, echinoderms and mollusks above all
react very sensitively to a decline in the pH value,” said study co-author Astrid
Wittmann, a marine biologist from AWI.
Read more at http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/1112931596/oceanacidification-affects-species-differently-082613/#TzHmHMYoG6fTkVV8.99
34
35
CO2 EMISSIONS PER UNIT LOAD BY
TRANSPORT MODE
Large Tanker
1
Large Containership
3
Railway
6
Coastal Carrier
11
Standard-size
Commercial Truck
49
Small-size
Commercial Truck
226
Airplane
398
0
100
200
300
400
Units Relative
Source:Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (Japan): The Survey
on Transport Energy 2001/2002 MOL (Japan): Environmental and Social
Report 2004
Shipping energy efficient
36
Second IMO GHG Study 2009:
2007 CO2 Emissions For International Shipping
in million tonnes CO2
Low
Consensus
bound
Total shipping emissions
(activity based)
Total less fishing (activity based)
IEA domestic shipping
(statistical data)
International shipping (hybrid
estimate
)
High
bound
854
1019
1224
796
954
1150
111
111
685
843
111
1039
Consensus estimate: 843 million tonnes CO2 = 2.7%
•1
37
WORLD FLEET FUEL CONSUMPTION
(2007)
2007
Total fuel consumption
Low bound
279
Best
333
High bound
400
450
This study
400
Fuel Consumption (Million tons)
350
IMO Expert Group (Freight-Trend), 2007
Corbett and Köhler (Freight-Trend), JGR, 2003
Eyring et al., JGR, 2005 part 1 + 2
Bottom-up
(Activity-based)
estimates
Endresen et al., JGR, 2007 (not corrected for comparison)
Endresen et al (Freight-Trend)., JGR, 2007
300
IEA Total marine fuel sales
IEA Int'l Marine Fuel sales
250
Point Estimates
This study (Freight trend)
200
Freight-Trend Eyring et al., JGR, 2005
EIA bunker
150
Top-down
(Fuel-sales)
data
100
50
0
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
38
…Depending on future
economic and energy
developments, this
study's BAU scenarios
project an increase (in
maritime CO2) by 50%
to 250% in the period
to 2050…
39
LANDMARK DECISION DURING MEPC 62,
(11-15 JULY 2011)
Parties to MARPOL Annex VI of the International
Maritime Organization (IMO) adopted (by voting 485) mandatory measures to reduce emissions of
greenhouse gases (GHGs) from international
shipping.
This the first ever mandatory global greenhouse gas
reduction regime for an international industry sector.
40
The amendments to MARPOL Annex VI
Regulations for the prevention of air
pollution from ships, add a new chapter 4
to Annex VI on Regulations on energy
efficiency for ships to make mandatory
the Energy Efficiency Design Index
(EEDI), for new ships 2013 januar from
1st, and the Ship Energy Efficiency
Management Plan (SEEMP) for all
ships.
41
EEDI APPLICABILITY for new vessels:
o Tankers
o Bulk carriers
o Gas Tankers
o Containership
o General cargo Ships
o Refrigerated Cargo carrier
o Combination Carrier
o Passenger Ships
o Ro-ro cargo ships
SEEMP will be required for all ships including MODU,
FPSO and FSU. For existing ships, the verification of
the requirements to have SEEMP on board shall take
place t the first immediate or renewal survey whichever
is first on or after 1st January 2013.
42
EEDI AND SEEMP EFFECTS
Scenario: A1B Optimistic
4000
Technical measures
3500
Operational measures
EEDI 39%
Alternative fuels
3000
Mt CO2
2500
SEEMP 28%
2000
1500
1000
MBM
500
0
2010
2015
2020
2025
203
0
2035
2040
2045
2050
43
IMPROVING SHIP EFFICIENCY
44
Global warming
(Green House
effect)
CARBON
DIOXIDE
Ocean
Acidification
a) Energy Efficiency Design Index
(EEDI) for new ships
b) Ship
Energy
Efficiency
Management Plan (SEEMP)
for all ships using the Energy
Efficiency Operational Indicator
(EEOI) as monitoring tool and
for benchmarking
45
Economy of Size
www.wartsila.com/
46
 14,000 TEU vessel MSC
Danit and MSC Daniela (Dec
2008)
 This is the largest ever built
and able to accomodate up
to
14,000
twenty-foot-
equivalent containers.
 Overall length of 366 meters
ship’s
 The
incorporates
steel
to
design
high-tensile
reduce
bending
increase stiffness in the hull.
 This reduces the thickness
of the steel plate, for strong
but lightweight construction.
47
18,000 TEU Triple-E
LOA 400m
•
•
The Triple-E emits 50% less than
the industry average on the AsiaEurope trade lane.
The vessels are equipped with a
waste heat recovery system,
saving up to 10% of main engine
power.
Economy of scale, Energy
efficient and Environmentally
improved
48
Operational
Approach
Extract as much
energy as possible
Improve conversion
of Power to Thrust
Use other
energy sources
Fuel
Saving
Ships
Reduce
Drag/resistance
Improve conversion
of fuel to power
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OCEAN RENEWABLE ENERGY
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OCEAN ENERGY CONCEPTS
Source
Concepts & Devices
Ocean Thermal Gradient
Tidal range (difference
between low tide and high
tide)
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
Tidal stream current
Ocean Waves
Ocean Salinity gradient
Tidal Barrage
Vertical Axis Current Turbine
Horizontal Axis Current Turbine
Wave Energy Converter
reverse electrodialysis (RED) and
pressure-retarded osmosis (PRO)
51
We should not overstate the potential
of Ocean Energy – Be realistic
 Theoretical resource : theoretical energy content in
the resource, without consideration of technology
or constraints.
 Technical resource is that part of the theoretical
resource that could be extracted using available
technology options.
 Practical resource is the proportion of the technical
resource that could be exploited taking into
consideration of external constraints such as
distance to point of use, local physical accessibility,
competing uses and environmental sensitivity
Omar bin Yaakob and Kho King Koh,The Promise of Marine Renewable Energy in
Malaysia: Too Good To Be True? Malaysian Journal of Science 32 (SCS Sp Issue) :
309-316 (2013)
52
53
54
PREPARING FUTURE SHIP DESIGNERS AND
MARINE ENGINEERS
55
We can no longer keep designing things
in the same old way.
Ship designers and marine
engineers of the future need to
think differently.
REDEFINING TRADITIONAL SHIP DESIGN
In Traditional Ship Design …
 required to develop solutions problems they are
presented with to the best of their knowledge
 within the owners’ requirements and operational
constraints.
 constraints of approval authorities/classification
rules/ international rules and regulations
 within schedule and financial constraints

Naval architects/ship designers search for methods
that maximize function, and minimize cost to
clients
Traditional Ship Design
Maximizing utility while minimizing
the cost to the client
Shift in Mindset:
Maximize social benefit while
minimizing ecological impact
TRADITIONAL SHIP DESIGN CRITERIA



Function
Cost
Safety
Sustainable Ship Design Criteria:
The above plus:
• Impact on people (society)
• Impact on the planet (environment)
ABET (2012), CRITERIA FOR ACCREDITING
ENGINEERING PROGRAMS, Accreditation Board for
Engineering and Technology, Inc
Criterion 3. Student Outcomes
(a) an ability to apply knowledge of mathematics, science, and engineering
(b) an ability to design and conduct experiments, as well as to analyze and interpret data
(c) an ability to design a system, component, or process to meet desired needs within realistic
constraints such as economic, environmental, social, political, ethical, health and safety,
manufacturability, and sustainability
(d) an ability to function on multidisciplinary teams
(e) an ability to identify, formulate, and solve engineering problems
(f) an understanding of professional and ethical responsibility
(g) an ability to communicate effectively
(h) the broad education necessary to understand the impact of engineering solutions in a global,
economic, environmental, and societal context
(i) a recognition of the need for, and an ability to engage in life-long learning
(j) a knowledge of contemporary issues
(k) an ability to use the techniques, skills, and modern engineering tools necessary for engineering
practice.
(c) an ability to design a system, component, or process
to meet desired needs within realistic constraints
such as economic, environmental, social, political,
ethical, health and safety, manufacturability, and
sustainability
SOME LEARNING OUTCOMES
Bachelor in Marine Engineering Technology
The Outcomes of the Marine Engineering Technology major are as
follows:
Students will demonstrate the following through the Marine Engineering
Technology program of study at the Academy:
a.
An appropriate mastery of the knowledge, techniques, skills and modern
tools of their disciplines.
b. An ability to apply current knowledge and adapt to emerging
applications of mathematics, science, engineering and technology.
c.
An ability to conduct, analyze and interpret experiments and apply
experimental results to improve processes.
d. An ability to apply creativity in the design of systems, components or
processes appropriate to program objectives.
e.
An ability to function effectively on teams.
f.
An ability to identify, analyze and solve technical problems.
g. An ability to communicate effectively.
h.
A recognition of the need for, and an ability to engage in lifelong
learning.
i.
An ability to understand professional, ethical and social
responsibilities.
j.
A respect for diversity and a knowledge of contemporary
professional, societal and global issues.
k.
A commitment to quality, timeliness, and continuous improvement.
Bachelor in Marine Engineering Technology
i.
An ability to understand professional, ethical and social
responsibilities.
j.
A respect for diversity and a knowledge of contemporary professional,
societal and global issues.
Bachelor of Engineering in Marine Engineering
Programme Outcomes
On successful completion of this programme the learner will be able
to :
PO8
A broad knowledge of social,political
and economic factors relevant to
Competence - marine engineering; to maintain high
Insight
ethical standards in engineering
practice towards people and the
environment.
B.Eng. Marine Technology
Learning Outcomes
The programme provides opportunities for students to
develop and demonstrate knowledge and understanding,
qualities, skills and other attributes in the following areas.
5. To encourage students to develop awareness and
responsible attitudes towards the needs of society and
the environment in the application of their engineering
knowledge, including a regard for safety appropriate
to their profession.
Bachelor of Engineering with Honours in
Mechanical and Marine Engineering
Students should be able to:
B6. Demonstrate an awareness of the framework of
relevant legal requirements governing engineering
activities, including personnel, health, safety, and
risk (including environmental risk) issues
Bachelor in Naval Architecture
a holistic approach when making professional
decisions, balancing the costs, benefits, safety,
quality, reliability, appearance and environmental
impact.
Bachelor of Engineering
(Naval Architecture and Offshore Engineering)
PO6
Ability to identify the impact of naval
architecture and offshore engineering
solutions on sustainability and
demonstrate the needs for
sustainable development
CONCLUDING REMARKS
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Concluding Remarks
1. The earth (including the ocean) is suffering from
anthropogenic activities.
2. Sustainable development principles and considerations
need to be taken onboard all our activities.
3. Ship designers and marine engineers have big roles to
play to improve sustainable shipping
4. Besides sustainable shipping initiatives, ocean renewable
energy can contribute to reduction of CO2.
5. Students education and training need shift to incorporate
sustainability awareness and practice.
"Humanity has come perilously close
to reversing the almost miraculous
biological abundance of the deep,”
Alan B. Sielen, The Devolution of the
Seas, Foreign Affairs
(November/December 2013).
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omar@fkm.utm.my
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