AIA Continuing Education
1.5 CEU (SD & HSW)
The Masonry Institute of Washington is a Registered
Provider with The American Institute of Architects Continuing
Education Systems. Credit earned on completion of this
program will be reported to CES Records for AIA members.
Certificates of Completion for non-AIA members are available
upon request.
This program is registered with the AIA/CES for
continuing professional education. As such, it does not include
content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or
endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any
method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing
in any material or product. Questions related to specific
materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the
conclusion of this presentation.
Steve Dill
•Principle at KPFF Consulting Engineers.
•Involved in masonry design and code for 30+ years.
•Member of Masonry Standards Joint Committee.
•Teaches for the Structural Engineers Association of
Washington.
3
Month ##, 200#
Presentation Title
Andy Lang
•Principle with Morrison
Hershfield in Vancouver, Canada.
•Expertise in building envelope
construction and maintenance.
•Expert consultant in support of
defect litigation cases related to
building envelope failures.
4
Month ##, 200#
Presentation Title
Jed Olafson
•Partner at Johnston Construction Company.
•Served on numerous professional and community
committees.
•Designer for the Barkshire Panel Systems.
•Lead Project Manager on many large projects, including
Benaroya Hall and King Street Station.
5
Month ##, 200#
Presentation Title
Learning Objectives
•Discuss the benefits of masonry design techniques used most
often in the Northwest.
•Discuss how to choose between these techniques.
Talking Points
• Introduction
• Anchored Veneer / Reinforced
Veneer
• Movement Issues
• Limit Design
• Questions
Two types of Masonry Cladding
• Anchored Veneer
• Reinforced Veneer
Anchored Veneer
Anchored Veneer
Delivery System
Design, Bid, Build
Bidder Design
Anchored Veneer
Advantages
• Most common method
• All brick colors / textures available
• Complex bonding is available
• Minimal (prescriptive) design requirements
Anchored Veneer
Disadvantages
• Difficult to support precast
• Difficult to accommodate recessed elements
• Frequent penetrations through the wall membrane
• Performance can be compromised by prescriptive
design
Anchored Veneer
Design Considerations - Bearing
• Concrete Footing or Ledger Angle
• Must be level
• Cantilever no more than ¾”.
Anchored Veneer
Anchored Veneer
Design Considerations – Flashing
• Metal
• Flexible
Anchored Veneer
Design Considerations – Membrane
• Sheet Membrane
• Water Barrier
• Air and Water Barrier
• Fluid Applied Membrane
• Air and Water Barrier
Anchored Veneer
Design Considerations – Wall Ties
• Corrugated Tie
• Easy to use
• Accommodates variations
of airspace
Anchored Veneer
Design Considerations – Wall Ties
• Vertical Plate Tie
• Accommodates variations
of airspace
• Installed prior to insulation
• Vertical movement
• No mortar bridging
Anchored Veneer
Design Considerations – Wall Ties
• Byna-Lok Tie
• Accommodates variations
of airspace
• Installed after insulation
• Vertical movement
• No mortar bridging
Anchored Veneer
Design Considerations – Wall Ties
• 213 Tie
• Accommodates variations
of airspace
• Installed prior to insulation
• Vertical movement
• Potential mortar bridging
Anchored Veneer
Design Considerations – Wall Ties
• Seal Tie
• Accommodates variations
of airspace
• Installed after insulation
• Vertical movement
• No mortar bridging
• Self sealing
Anchored Veneer
Design Considerations – Wall Ties
• Truss Eye Loop
• Accommodates variations
of airspace
• Vertical movement
• No mortar bridging
• Requires modular veneer
Two Types of Masonry Cladding
• Anchored Veneer
• Reinforced
Veneer
Reinforced Veneer
Reinforced Veneer
Delivery System
Bidder Design
Design, Bid, Build
Reinforced Veneer
Advantages
• Plan Relief (non-flat)
• Lighter and simpler backup stud framing
• Supports heavy precast or prefabricated brick
elements
• Can self-support without ledgers
• Easier to isolate from building movements
• Minimal penetrations
Reinforced Veneer
Disadvantages
• Color/texture selection is more limited
• Complex bonding more difficult
• Fewer contractors have experience with the system
Reinforced Veneer
Design Considerations – Bearing
• Concrete Footing
• Can be sloped for drainage
Reinforced Veneer
Design Considerations – Flashing
• Metal
• Flexible
Reinforced Veneer
Design Considerations – Membrane
• Sheet Membrane
• Water Barrier
• Air and Water Barrier
• Fluid Applied Membrane
• Air and Water Barrier
Reinforced Veneer
Design Considerations - Vertical Support
• Dead load support to
the footing
• Simplified stud framing
Reinforced Veneer
Design Considerations - Lateral Support
• Lateral support
typically at the floor lines
• Minimized penetrations
• Isolation design
Reinforced Veneer
Design Considerations - Precast or
prefabricated brick elements
• Heavy precast
• Recessed sills or soffit
Talking Points
• Introduction
• Anchored Veneer / Reinforced
• Movement Issues
• Limit Design
• Questions
Forces on Cladding
Gravity
Wind
Earthquake
Wind
Differential Movement
Cyclic movement
(thermal and
moisture driven)
Deflection
under wind
and seismic
load
Interstorey drift
Frame shortening &
slab edge deflection
Expansion/Contraction
Cumulative displacement
10 story concrete frame
Masonry expansion
 0.6” over 10 stories
Frame shrinkage & creep
 0.6” or more
Total of 1.2”
44
Expansion/Contraction
Expansion/Contraction
Cumulative displacement
4 story wood frame
0.6”
Masonry expansion
 0.2” over 3 stories
Frame shrinkage & creep
 0.6” or more
0.2”
Total of 0.8”
46
Window sill at brick
47
Building Movement
Compensation channel
at window head must
allow for deflection
Floor structure deflection
Building Movement
Compensation channel
at window head must
allow for deflection
Live load weight
Floor deflection
Floor structure deflection
50
Month ##, 200#
Presentation Title
Forces on Cladding
Seismic Design of Masonry Cladding
Isolation Considerations
• There is (typically) expected damage to cladding in
large seismic events.
• Proper isolation design will improve the seismic
performance of masonry systems.
• Reinforced masonry offers the designer more
flexibility in the design of the isolation system than
anchored veneer.
Omit compensation track in
this area.
Optional “hinge” in studs
and masonry at this
location.
Continuous braced ledger
angle supporting one story
of masonry with studs &
windows (from below)
connected with a
compensation track.
55
Month ##, 200#
Presentation Title
Anchored Veneer
Isolation Considerations
• Design the studs to support the weight of the
veneer and be appropriately isolated from building
movements.
• Accommodate the expected movement of the
joints in the sheathings and membranes.
• Reflect those joints in the masonry (and add
expansion joints, etc. if desired)
Spandrel travels with deck.
Supported by column
covers below.
Loading bearing column
covers hinge-supported
between spandrels.
Windows attached to studs
at top and bottom only.
Reinforced Veneer
Isolation Considerations
• Design the studs to be appropriately isolated from
building movements (and to support the
windows).
• Accommodate the expected movement of the
joints in the sheathings and membranes.
• Independently design the masonry cladding to be
appropriately isolated from building movement.
220 Westlake Ave.
333 Elliott Avenue
Spandrel travels with deck.
Hinge supported to column
covers.
Full height column cover.
Base hinged.
Windows attached to studs
at top and bottom only.
66
Month ##, 200#
Presentation Title
Seismic Design of Masonry Cladding
Isolation Considerations
• There is (typically) expected damage to cladding in
large seismic events.
• Proper isolation design will improve the seismic
performance of masonry systems.
• Reinforced masonry offers the designer more
flexibility in the design of the isolation system than
anchored veneer.
Movement Joint at Floor Slab
Water (and Air)
Barrier
Brick Veneer
Insulation
Flexible Membrane
Flashing
Metal flashing
Deflection
track
Water (and Air)
Barrier
Brick Veneer
Flexible Membrane
Flashing
Flexible backing
Insulation
68
Vertical Movement Joint
Movement Joint
Compressible Insulation
Water (and air)
Barrier
Flexible
Membrane
Flashing
Exterior Insulation
69
Exterior Sealant
Joint
Brick Veneer
Inter-story Drift Considerations
Static
Displaced
Vertical Movement Joint – Panelized Masonry to Curtain
Wall – Aligned configuration
Edge of Slab
Flexible
Membrane
Flashing
Water (and air)
Barrier
Exterior Insulation
Brick Veneer
Exterior Sealant
Joint
71
Metal Flashing
(sacrificial)
Vertical Movement Joint – Panelized Masonry to Curtain
Wall – Offset configuration
Compressible
Insulation
Flexible
Membrane
Flashing
Water (and air)
Barrier
Exterior Insulation
Brick Veneer
72
Metal Flashing
(sacrificial)
Exterior Sealant
Joint
Limit Design of Masonry