Presented by Clifford Milligan
Introduction
 What is Building Automation?
 With this presentation, you will have brief
understanding of what a BAS system is and how it
effects energy efficiency of buildings.
 I’ve been in the Building Automation business for 12
years. I’ve worked on smaller facilities like a remote
building for a refinery to larger facilities like college
campuses with many buildings.
Topic Outline
 1: Intro to BAS and Terminology
 2: Components
 3: Maximizing energy performance
 4: Communications protocol and Interoperability
 5: User interface demonstration
1: Intro to BAS What is it?
 The majority of BAS systems are for HVAC only, even
still today. That’s why you probably hear HVAC
controls most of the time.
 With the new energy crisis, we are expanding into
controlling or interfacing with all the different systems
buildings have. Such as HVAC, lighting, card access,
utilities, fire and many others.
1: Wikipedia
 BAS core functionality keeps the building climate
within a specified range, provides lighting based on an
occupancy schedule, and monitors system
performance and device failures and provides email
and/or text notifications to building engineering staff.
 The BAS functionality reduces building energy and
maintenance costs when compared to a non-controlled
building.
 A building controlled by a BAS is often referred to as
an intelligent building system.
1: Terminology
 Building Automation System (BAS)
 Energy Management System (EMS)
 Building Management System (BMS)
 Direct Digital Controls (DDC)
 All are typical references to Building Automation
1: ASHRAE
 The American Society of
Heating, Refrigerating
and Air-Conditioning
Engineers
 To advance the arts and
sciences of heating,
ventilating, air
conditioning and
refrigerating to serve
humanity and promote a
sustainable world
1: California’s Title 24
 Enforced by The California
Energy Commission
 Has mandatory efficiency
standards for HVAC,
Lighting, Roofing and
many other components in
facilities.
 This makes automation
almost mandatory in most
commercial buildings.
1: LEED and Green Buildings
 Leadership in Energy
and Environmental
Design
 LEED certifications are
given by the U.S. Green
Building Council
 Facilities get LEED
Points for energy
efficiency designs and
many other green deigns
such as water efficiency.
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Certified 40–49 points
Silver 50–59 points
Gold 60–79 points
Platinum 80 points and
above
2: Components
2: Interface
 Allows access in system
to make changes and
view history.
 Most now are accessed
through a web browser
which allows access all
over the world.
 Sends alarms to email,
cell phone, or on a local
computer
2: Interface sample
2: PLC or Central Plant Controller
 Allows access in system to make changes and view
history.
 Most now are accessed through a web browser ,which
allows access all over the world.
 Also can have I/O boards for local control
2: Unitary Controller
 Contains logic for locally
controlled devices
 Some are programmed
with the software in the
plant controller and
some require a separate
tool for programming.
2: End devices
 Thermistor sensors for
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space, air and water
temperature
Co2 Sensors
Flow Sensors
Humidity Sensors
Current sensors
Static pressure sensors
Water pressure sensors
Actuators for valves and
dampers
3: Maximizing energy performance
 Getting the most out of your BAS
 Minimum Code Requirements
 Enhanced Strategies
 BAS Technology Trends
 Energy Monitoring and Accounting
3: Getting the most out of your BAS
 Control Devices
 Monitoring Tools
 Metering Capability
 Human Machine Interface (HMI)
 Interoperability
 Legacy Systems Support
3:Minimum Code Requirements
ASHRAE 90.1 Mandatory Provisions
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Zone Thermostatic Control
Cooling/Heating Setpoint Overlap Restriction & Dead Band
Off-Hour Automatic Shutdown and Setback Controls
Optimum Start Controls
Ventilation System Motorized Shutoff Dampers
Humidifier preheat shut off valve for preheat jackets
mounted in air stream
 Demand Control Ventilation (DVC) Ventilation Controls for
High Occupancy areas to reduce outdoor air
 Lighting Controls
 Automatic Shutoff (interior & exterior)
 Occupancy-based shutoff
3:Enhanced Strategies
 Electric Demand Limiting
 Demand Controlled Ventilation (DCV) with CO2
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Monitoring
Occupancy based HVAC Setback
Terminal Air Distribution ECM Motor Control
Daylight Harvesting
Natural Ventilation Control
VAV Supply Air Temperature Reset
Kitchen Hood Fan Speed Control
Emergency Egress Lighting Control
3: BAS Technology Trends
 Control Systems Interoperability
 BACnet
 LonWorks
 XML & Web Services
 ZigBee
 Web Based Supervisory Control
 Wireless Sensor Networking
 Integration with Fire/Life Safety,
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Security &
Lighting Controls
Dashboard HMI Displays
Building Information Model
(BIM)
Intelligent Buildings
3: Energy Monitoring and Accounting
 Studies have shown that building occupants are more sensitive to resource
use when information is available to them regarding how much energy
and water they are consuming.
 A Measurement & Verification (M&V) process will allow the facility
manager to discover anomalies in consumption patterns of building
utilities associated with inefficient equipment and systems operation.
 Confirmation of Design Energy Conservation
 Measures (ECM)
 LEED Credit
 All Building Utilities Metering Required
 May Require Continuous Isolated Metering (Sub-Metering) of:
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Lighting Loads and Controls
 Motor Loads
 Economizer/Heat Recovery Systems
 Air Distribution Pressures and Airflow
 Heating/Cooling Loads & Equipment Efficiencies
3: Energy Numbers
 According to the EPA, energy upgrades typically have a 20 to 30
percent rate of return and are low risk. At a 10 percent
capitalization rate, a building owner can generate $2 to $3 in
incremental asset value for each $1 invested in energy performance
improvements. Saving 30 percent of energy costs is equal to
increasing NOI (Net Operating Income) by five percent.
 Energy Facts:
 Commercial buildings account for 18% of total energy consumption
 Energy costs represent 30% of typical building’s annual budget and is
the single largest operating cost
 LEED or Energy Star buildings cost $2-$5 more per sq.ft., but the
return investment is an average of $20-$50 per sq.ft. over 20 years.
 Green Buildings can reduce:
 Energy Use 24%-50%
 CO2 Emissions 33%-39%
 Water Use 40%
 Solid Waste 70%
4: Communications protocol and
Interoperability
 BACnet
 LonWorks
 Modbus
 OBIX
 OPC
4: BACnet
 Developed under the auspices of the
American Society of Heating,
Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning
Engineers (ASHRAE). Building
Automation and Control Network.
 Protocol Rules
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Addressing
Network access (RS-485 or IP)
Error Checking
Flow Control
Message Format
4: LonWorks
 LonWorks is a networking platform
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specifically created to address the
unique performance, reliability,
installation, and maintenance needs of
control applications. The platform is
built on a protocol created by Echelon
Corporation for networking devices over
media such as twisted pair, power lines,
fiber optics, and RF.
Free topology
Peer to peer or IP
Standard microprocessor and
transceiver
No address each transceiver has a MAC
type address built in
4: Modbus
 Modbus is a serial communication
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protocol published by Modicon in
1979 for use with its Programmable
Logic Controllers(PLCs).
Serial RS-485 or IP
Token Ring protocol
RTU or ASCII Serial transmission
modes
Peer to peer
4: OBIX
 oBIX (Open Building Information
Xchange) is a focused effort by industry
leaders and associations working toward
creating a standard XML and Web
Services guideline to facilitate the
exchange of information between
intelligent buildings, enable enterprise
application integration and bring forth
true systems integration.
 Based on standards widely used by the
IT Industry.
 XML and WEB communication protocol
 Most buildings have IP network in place
4: OPC
 OPC (Open connectivity) is open
connectivity in industrial automation
and the enterprise systems that support
industry. Interoperability is assured
through the creation and maintenance
of open standards specifications.
 OPC is used for facilities to integrate
many of their systems database’s to share
information.
 An example would be to integrate a
maintenance program into the
automation for reminders or shutdowns. Also use the same company
database to store your automation
database.
4: Interoperability
 Tridium Niagara AX is the overall
interoperability solution.
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Web-enabled
Integrated tool-set
Vendor Neutral
Software or hardware
Not protocol specific
 BACnet
 LonWorks
 OBIX
 Modbus
 OPC
 Legacy
4: Niagara AX
4: Niagara AX