BEST PRACTICES OF
HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT
In the perspective of the state of WB
BEST PRACTICES OF
HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT
• Government of India has accorded high priority
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•
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to hydro power development with a view to
harness economical and environment benign
power for the country especially to meet the
peaking demand.
Hydropower potential in the country 1,50,000 MW
Hydropower harnessed so far 37,000 MW (25%)
The desirable hydro thermal mix 40:60
Ratio all over the country 25 : 75 only
The figure in our state of West Bengal
represents a sorry state being as low as 3 : 97.
BEST PRACTICES OF
HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT
• Fast dwindling resources of fossil fuel today, at
the rate that is 100,000 times faster than they
are being formed. and threat of global warming
and climatic disorder, this ratio even puts a big
question mark to the survival of mankind in this
planet.
• The development of non-conventional sources
(solar, wind, tidal etc.) appears to take miles to
go to become a viable alternative. How far are
we ready to meet the challenge in our state ?
BEST PRACTICES OF
HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT
Supply of Coal in India ( mt)
2005-06
2006-07 2007-08
Domestic Sources
407
431
456
Imports
39
43
50
Total Supply
446
474
506
BEST PRACTICES OF
HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT
Demand-Supply Gap in India (mt)
Year
2002-03
2003-04
2004-05
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
2008-09
Demand-Supply Gap
22
23
24
49
54
30
58
BEST PRACTICES OF
HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT
So Are We Caring Enough
For Hydropower
???
Are We Caring Enough
For Ourselves
BEST PRACTICES OF
HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT
• Like every applied subjects understanding the scenario of hydro
power centres round the following fundamental questions :
• WHY ? • WHAT ? • WHO ? -
WHY HYDRO POWER ?
WHAT IS HYDRO POWER ?
• WHEN ? • WHERE ? • HOW ? -
WHEN TO DEVELOP HYDRO POWER ?
WHERE TO DEVELOP HYDROPOWER ?
HOW TO DEVELOP HYDRO POWER ?
WHO SHOULD DEVELOP HYDROPOWER ?
• The answers are sought in the foregoing sections.
BEST PRACTICES OF
HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT
 From water to watts :
Hydro-electric power
plants convert the kinetic energy contained in
falling water into electricity.
 Stages of energy transformation : Falling
water is chanellised through a vertical distance to a
turbine which converts kinetic energy of water into
mechanical energy. the generator coupled with the
turbine converts mechanical energy into useful
electrical energy.
BEST PRACTICES OF
HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT
• Range of plant sizes : hydro-electric power
plants generate energy ranging from a few kw,
enough for a single residence, to thousands of
MW, power enough to supply a large city.
• Engineering
aspects
:
Hydropower
engineering encompasses many branches of
engineering and other disciplines of engineering
and other disciplines for the purpose of
hydropwer development.
BEST PRACTICES OF
HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT
• Engineering aspects :
 Civil engineering needed for site selection
depending upon hydrology, hydraulic studies etc.
and then for design & construction of dam, water
conductor system, power house etc.
 Mechanical engineering involved in the design,
manufacture & selection of the turbines, bearings,
valves, gears, governors etc. needed to convert
hydraulic to mechanical energy.
 Electrical engineering involved in design,
manufacture & selection of generators, control
systems, switchgears, transformers etc. Besides
environmental impacts and economic analysis are
performed by respective professionals.
BEST PRACTICES OF
HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT
• 250 BC : The first recorded use of water power was a
•
•
•
•
clock
Since that time human beings have used falling water
to provide power for grain and saw mills
1882 AD : The first use of moving water to produce
electricity was a waterwheel on the fox river in
wisconsin in, two years after Thomas Alva Edison
invented the incandescent light bulb.
The first of many hydroelectric power plants at
niagara falls was completed shortly thereafter
1897 AD : The first hydroelectric power plant in india and
probably in asia too at Sidrapong, Darjeeling with the
installation of 3 units of 65kw capacity each
BEST PRACTICES OF
HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT
• Hydro development is not a under shed
job
• Its expanse is vast under the sky. In fact
nature like hills, river etc are parts of the
project rather than machineries
• Hydro power stabilizes grid which is
predominantly thermal based.
BEST PRACTICES OF
HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT
P=CxQxH
BEST PRACTICES OF
HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT
The gross average annual energy (E in kWh) is a
function
E = f (Q median, Hn, turbine, generator,
gearbox,  transformer, g,h)
Where:
Qmedian = flow in m3/s for incremental steps on the
flow duration curve
Hn = specified net head
turbine = turbine efficiency, a function of Qmedian
generator = generator efficiency
gearbox = gearbox efficiency
transformer = transformer efficiency
h = number of hours for which the specified flow occurs.
BEST PRACTICES OF
HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT
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•
•
•
•
•
•
•
inherent advantages
INSTANTANEOUS START / STOP
PEAKING POWER FACILITY
ZERO FUEL COST, SO LOW O&M COST
HIGH EFFICIENCY
Non-polluting & environment-friendly
RENEWABLE
EASY MAINTENANCE
MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT
BEST PRACTICES OF
HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT
BEST PRACTICES OF
HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT
CONSTRAINTS
• LONG GESTATION PERIOD
• HIGH CAPITAL INTENSIVE
• HIGH COST TRANSMISSION LINES
• REHABILITATION & RESETTLEMENT (R&R)
• INTER-STATE ISSUES
BEST PRACTICES OF
HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT
CONSTRAINTS
• LAND ACQUISITION
• POOR INFRASTRUCTURE
• FOREST & ENVIRONMENT CLEARANCES
• SHORTAGE OF GOOD CONTRACTORS
• FIXED TARIFF FOR ALL PROJECTS
IRRESPECTIVE OF INFRASTRUCTURE COST
BEST PRACTICES OF
HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT
Major components
• Intake structure
• Desilting chamber
• Head race channel
• Surge tank
• Penstock
BEST PRACTICES OF
HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT
• Power house
 Main inlet valve
Spiral case & wicket gates
Draft tube
Turbine
Generator
Governor
Auxiliaries & station services
Switchgear, control & relaying
Tail race channel
BEST PRACTICES OF
HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT
Classification of Hydraulic Machines
• according to the type of flow of water
 Axial flow turbines
 Radial flow turbines
 Tangential flow turbines
BEST PRACTICES OF
HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT
Classification of Hydraulic Machines
• according to the type of flow of water
 Axial flow turbines
 Radial flow turbines
 Tangential flow turbines
BEST PRACTICES OF
HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT
Classification of Hydraulic Machines
• according to the action on fluid
 IMPULSE turbines
 REACTION turbines
BEST PRACTICES OF
HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT
Classification of Hydraulic Machines
• according to the action on fluid
 IMPULSE turbines
 REACTION turbines
CONSTRUCTION
• Present trend of contract for project implementation calls for
the Quality Management of Hydro Power Construction on
E.P.C. (Engineering, Procurement and Construction) contract
basis which needs few dedicated quality engineers.
• E.P.C. attracts big houses of hydro power developers and
thus quick and hassle - free hydro development is possible.
• Existing hydro stations constructed forty years ago could
even produce highest generation on 37th year.
BENIFITS AND SOME STATISTICS
• Jaldhaka and Rammam Hydel Projects hailed as one of
the 36 Power Stations of India having more than 99%
operating availability during 2002 – 2003 and 2003 –
2004 as per C.E.A. (Central Electricity Authority)
publication.
• Important social contribution for upliftment of rural
mass.
• So far Hydro Potential identified in conventional sector
accounts for 1150 MW (approx.) including 90 MW of
SHPs . Besides, there is 4000 MW identified pump
storage potential.
BENIFITS AND SOME STATISTICS
• So far 172.5 MW of Hydro potential in conventional sector is
harnessed.
• 900 MW under Pumped Storage mode is on the verge of
completion.
• Hydro potential under implementation stage on BOOM basis is
436 MW ( 120 MW of RHP-III + 292 MW of TLDP-III & IV + 24 MW of
Balason HP).
• Hydro potential under DSI stage is 231 MW (30 MW of Rammam
Ultimate+ 40 MW for TLDP-I + 60 MW for TLDP-II + 50 MW of
Torsha HP + 48 MW of Raidak HP + 3 MW of Pedong SHP).
BENIFITS AND SOME STATISTICS
• Hydro potential to be taken up for investigation is 180 MW
(150 MW of TLDP Intermediate between Rongpo and Melli on
Teesta River + 30 MW of Rongpo HP).
• 15% of the identified conventional Hydro-potential has been
harnessesd so far ( SHP included).
• 37.74% of identified conventional Hydropotential taken up for
implementation.
BENIFITS AND SOME STATISTICS
• 20.08%
of
identified
conventional Hydropotential
taken up for investigation.
15.00%
• 15.65%
5.73%
37.74%
5.80%
15.65%
20.08%
of
identified
conventional Hydropotential
remains to be taken up for
investigation.
• 5.8% of total conventional
potential (30
SHPs with
total capacity of 66.70MW)
is under private developers
through WBREDA
BENIFITS AND SOME STATISTICS
On action has still been taken regarding the 5.73 % of
the Identified potential . These mainly consists of low
head canal fall development on existing and proposed
irrigation canals and few SHP 's on hilly rivers.
IMPORTANT POINTS OF HYDRO DEVELOPMENT.
• Long gestation time of development. Thus needing application of modern
management practice (e.g. System design technique in construction).
• Establishment of strong contract cell.
• Systematic development of human resources through systematic study/training in the
field of hydro-power to enrich the personnel working in the field.
• Commercial viability is most important parameter of selecting a project for
implementation considering the impediment/difficulty associated with it.
• Better pay packet for the personnel engaged in hydro-power development in line with
other central agencies working in hydro-power sector. In fact the amount involved is
meager in comparison to the benefit accrued.
• Development of belongingness to the organization through creation of a new necessity
of purpose in individuals.
SAMPLE ECONOMICS OF DEVELOPED MAJOR HYDRO POWER STATIONS.
a) Study for the year 2006-07 of Jaldhaka Hydel Project
Total generation
= 147.143 MU
Auxiliary consumption
= 1.226 MU
Energy sent out
= 145.917 MU
Operational cost
= Rs. 1.29 Crores
Maintenance cost
= Rs. 2.57 Crores
Administration cost including Head Office expenses
of Rs. 2.09 Crores
= Rs. 4.06 Crores
Total
= Rs. 7.92 Crores
Interest on capital
= Rs. 2.43 Crores
Depreciation
= Rs. 1.33 Crores
Total running expenditure
= Rs. 11.68 Crores
Cost of generation
= Rs. 11.68 x 10 / 145.917 x 10
= Rs. 0.80
Considering Rs. 0.10 per unit as transmission cost,
the average sale rate of power
= Rs. 3.02 per unit (Rs. 3.12 – Rs. 0.10)
Profit
= Rs. 145.917 x (Rs. 3.02 – Rs. 0.80) x 10
7
6
6
= Rs. 32.39 Crores in a year.
SAMPLE ECONOMICS OF DEVELOPED MAJOR HYDRO POWER STATIONS.
a) Study for the year 2006-07 of Jaldhaka Hydel Project
The Study reveals that though, one of the power
station of Jaldhaka Hydel Project has already
covered 39 years of its continuous operation
still generation from the said power station is
economically viable and profitable.
SAMPLE ECONOMICS OF DEVELOPED MAJOR HYDRO POWER STATIONS.
b) Study for the year 2006-07 of Rammam Hydel Project, Stage-II.
Total generation
= 231.152 MU
Auxiliary consumption
= 2.883 MU
Energy sent out
= 228.269 MU
Operational cost
= Rs. 1.12 Crore
Maintenance cost
= Rs. 1.29 Crore
Administration cost including Head Office expenses
of Rs. 15.46 Crores
= Rs. 17.17 Crore
Total
= Rs. 19.58 Crore
Interest on capital
= Rs. 16.10 Crore
Depreciation
= Rs. 8.69 Crore
Total running expenditure
= Rs. 44.37 Crore
Cost of generation
= Rs. 44.37 x 10 / 228.269 x 10
= Rs. 1.94
Considering Rs. 0.10 per unit as transmission loss,
the average sale rate of power
= Rs. 3.02 per unit (Rs. 3.12 – Rs. 0.10)
Profit
= Rs. 228.269 x (Rs. 3.02 – Rs. 1.94) x 10
7
6
6
= Rs. 24.65 Crore in a year.
SAMPLE ECONOMICS OF DEVELOPED MAJOR HYDRO POWER STATIONS.
Such example could also be shown for Mungpoo-Kali Khola H.E. Project .
Teesta Canal Fall Hydel Project suffers, being subordinate scheme. Facility developed
by other government utility was utilized to develop hydro power with the promise
that definite quantity of discharge will be maintained at the canal system at different
months and the economics was drawn accordingly. As the promise failed, so the
project.
At the advent of creation of Distribution and Transmission Companies from the
erstwhile WBSEB, nearly Rs. 500 Crore of capital burden of the project has been
graciously exonerated by Govt. of West Bengal and which could change the financial
scenario of the project after 2008 November. The Irrigation & Waterways Directorate
(I&WD), Govt. of West Bengal has taken up repair of their M.M.C. since 2005
November which would end in November, 2008 with relief of 3 to 4 months every
year for generation.
Rough calculation of economics of generation from
Rammam Stage-III Hydel Project being constructed under BOOM.
Plant Capacity
Probable unit Generation
Plant load factor
Construction cost
Interest on capital @ 13.5%
& depreciation @ 2% annually
:
:
:
:
120 MW
540 MU
51.37%
(a) @ Rs. 6 Cr. / MW = Rs. 720 Cr.
(b) @ Rs. 7 Cr. / MW = Rs. 840 Cr.
(a) @ 15.5% x Rs. 720 cr.
= Rs. 111.6 Cr./Year i.e. 15.5%
Running cost @ Rs. 5 Cr/Yr.
[As prevailing at RHP, Stage-II]
Fixed + Running cost
= Rs. 116.6 Cr.
(b) @ 15.5% x Rs. 840 Cr.
= Rs. 130.2 Cr.
Running cost @ Rs. 5.0 Cr.
Fixed + Running cost
= Rs. 135.2 Cr.
Rough calculation of economics of generation from
Rammam Stage-III Hydel Project being constructed under BOOM.
Cost of generation at
plant load factor of 51.37%
P.L.F. 40%
P.L.F. 50%
(a) 116.6 x 107 / 540 x 106 = Rs. 2.16/kwh
(b) 135.2 x 107 / 540 x 106 = Rs. 2.50/kwh
(a) Rs. 2.77 / kwh
(b) Rs. 3.21 / kwh
(a) Rs. 2.22 / kwh
(b) Rs. 2.57 / kwh
Average PLF between 40% and 51.37%
Available unit 85% of 540 MU
Free power to Sikkim 12.5% of 540 MU
Purchased cost (a) 459 x 2.47 / kwh
(b) 459 x 2.86 / kwh
Power Available for Sale (459 – 67.5) MU
Revenue at Rs. 3.12/unit for 391.5 MU
Thus in case of cost of development is
Considered as Rs. 6 Cr./MW, the yearly gain
In case of cost of development is
Considered as Rs. 7Cr./MW, the yearly loss
(a)
(b)
=
=
=
=
=
=
Rs. 2.47 / kwh
Rs. 2.86 / kwh
459 MU
67.5 MU
Rs. 113.37 Cr.
Rs. 131.27 Cr.
391.5 MU
Rs. 122.15 Cr.
=
=
Rs. 122.15 Cr. - Rs.113.37 Cr.
Rs. 8.78 Cr.
=
=
Rs. 131.27 Cr. - Rs.122.15 Cr.
Rs. 9.12 Cr.
Rough calculation of economics of generation from
Rammam Stage-III Hydel Project being constructed under BOOM.
•No transmission loss is considered.
•Interest charge on capital, depreciation and maintenance cost
of transmission line are not considered which as per
agreement is to be built by WBSEDCL.
•The tariff for sale of power to WBSEDCL would be decided by
Central Electricity Regulatory Commission as per agreement.
•Cost control is essential for benefit of WBSEDCL.
15 Year Implementation programme of conventional hydro power development in West Bengal
Start date is considered as July 2007
Sl. No. Name of Project
July'2007
2nd yr.
1st yr.
09/ 07 -
1
12 / 0 7 -
AFA
09/ 07 -
12 / 0 7 -
AFA
Rammam
( 30 MW)
INF
07/ 08 -
AFA
L
07/ 08 -
AFA
0 1/ 0 8 -
L
07/ 08 -
07/ 07 -
06/ 09 -
AOW
0 1/ 10 -
AFA
09/ 07 -
L
0 1/ 10 - 12 / 10
AOW
0 1/ 11 - 0 6 / 11
0 7 / 11 - 0 9 / 11
AFA
L
07/ 08 -
INFS
AOW
10 / 0 8 -
0 1/ 11 - 0 6 / 11
0 7 / 11 - 0 9 / 11
C
AOW
03/ 09 -
10 / 11 -
CONST
0 1/ 11 - 0 6 / 11
0 7 / 11 - 0 9 / 11
C
10 / 11 -
DSI
07/ 08 -
Torsa
Hydel
( 50 MW )
06/ 09 -
0 3 / 10 -
12 / 0 9 -
C
CONST
0 3 / 10 -
0 9 / 10 -
0 3 / 12 -
0 3 / 11 -
0 3 / 13 -
07/ 08 -
Raidak Hydel
( 48 MW )
DPR
0 1/ 10 -
AFA
L
0 7 / 10 -
INF
AOW
0 1/ 11 - 12 / 11
DPR
0 1/ 10 -
AFA
L
0 7 / 10 -
INF
AOW
0 1/ 11 - 12 / 11
DSI
DPR
AFA
End of 11th five year plan
L
INF
AOW
0 1/ 13 -
C
0 7 / 13 -
10 / 13 -
CONST
0 1/ 12 - 12 / 12
C
12 / 13 -
CONST
0 1/ 12 - 12 / 12
Project
0 9 / 13 - 11/ 13
C
Project
DSI
June'2022
14th yr. 15th yr.
CONST
Teesta
Intermediate
H.P. (150 MW )
PFR
13th yr.
1. PFR
: Pre Feasibility Report
2. DSI
: Detail Survey & Investigation.
3. DPR/RDPR : Detail Project Report /
Revised Detail Project Report.
4. AFA
: Administrative &
Financial Approval.
5. LA
: Land Acquisition.
6. INFS
: Infrastructure.
7. AOW
: Award of Work.
8. CMI
: Contractor Move In.
9. CONST
: Construction.
10 / 11 -
CONST
0 1/ 10 - 12 / 10
0 1/ 0 9 -
03/ 08 -
12th yr.
Legend :
C
0 1/ 10 - 12 / 10
0 1/ 0 9 -
INF
11th yr.
CONST
AOW
INF
10th yr.
10 / 10 -
0 7 / 10 -
C
0 1/ 0 9 -
INF
9th yr.
CONST
Pedong
( 2 x 1.5 = 3 MW )
DPR
9
C
8th yr.
0 4 / 12 -
0 1/ 12 - 0 3 / 12
TLDP-II
( 60 MW )
DPR
8
AOW
7th yr.
TLDP-I
( 40 MW )
DPR
7
0 6 / 10 -
6th yr.
Ultimate
0 1/ 0 8 -
6
06/ 09 -
06/ 08 -
L
DPR
5
INF
L
0 1/ 0 8 -
4
5th yr.
Rammam Intermediate
(3 x 3 = 9 MW)
RDPR
3
4th yr.
06/ 08 -
Rammam
Stage-I
( 3 x 12 = 36 MW )
RDPR
2
3rd yr.
0 1/ 13 -
0 7 / 13 -
10 / 13 -
CONST
End of 12th five year plan
End of 13th five year plan