CHAPTER 5
The Western Crossroads
Section 1: War in the West
Section 2: Western Farmers
Section 3: The Cattle Boom
Section 4: The Mining Boom
SECTION 1
War in the West
Question:
How did American
Indians respond to
western settlement?
SECTION 1
War in the West
American Indian Responses
to White Treatment
Chief Joseph
Agreed to move
tribe to a
reservation;
fled from the U.S.
Army; eventually
surrendered
Geronimo
Sarah
Winnemucca
Fled a reservation
with his tribe;
raided
settlements;
eventually
surrendered
Called attention to
problems; made
speeches;
participated in
political activities
SECTION 2
Western Farmers
Question:
How did the U.S.
government promote
economic development in
the West?
SECTION 2
Western Farmers
Homestead
Act
permitted
“any citizen
or intended
citizen” to have
160 acres of land
Pacific
Railway Act
gave lands to
railroad companies
to develop a
transcontinental
railroad linking the
East and West
coasts
Morrill
Act
granted more than
17 million acres of
land to be sold to
finance the
construction of
agricultural and
engineering
colleges
SECTION 3
The Cattle Boom
Question:
How did cattle and
sheep ranching develop
in the West?
SECTION 3
The Cattle Boom
The
Development
of Cattle Ranching
• the introduction of the
Texas longhorn
• the expansion of the
eastern beef market
The
Development
of Sheep Ranching
Ranching
in the
West
• the introduction of sheep
ranching by the Spanish
• the participation of American
Indian groups
• the market expansion
sparked by the Gold
Rush
SECTION 4
The Mining Boom
Question:
What role did mining
play in bringing more
people to the West?
SECTION 4
The Mining Boom
Nevada
Pike’s Peak
Arizona
Where
Prospective
Miners
Migrated
The Fraser
River Valley
The
Klondike
Alaska
CHAPTER 5
Chapter Wrap-Up
Can you answer the following?
How did differing views of white settlement
in the West contribute to the Massacre at
Wounded Knee?
In what ways did farming, mining, and
ranching alter the western landscape and
environment?
Explain how technological innovations
addressed specific needs during westward
expansion.
CHAPTER 6
The Second Industrial Revolution
Section 1: The Age of Invention
Section 2: The Rise of Big Business
Section 3: Labor Strives to Organize
SECTION 1
The Age of Invention
Question:
How might improved
refining processes have affected
industrial growth
in the late 1800’s?
SECTION 1
The Age of Invention
Refining Processes
in the United States
Steel
Oil
Effects on Industry
Effects on Industry
• provided a strong,
inexpensive source of
building material
• resulted in the production
• allowed the expansion
of the railroad industry
• allowed the manufacturing
of other important industrial
petroleum products
• allowed the construction of
sophisticated machinery,
bridges, tall buildings, and
so on
of kerosene for fuel
or light
• helped machinery operate
SECTION 2
The Rise of Big Business
Question:
How did business leaders
and social critics of the late
1800s and early 1900s regard
government involvement?
SECTION 2
The Rise of Big Business
Social
Critics
Business
Leaders
• argued that individuals
should be self-reliant
• argued that businesses
would prosper in the
absence of government
interference
• argued that government
interference would
reduce self-reliance
ARGUMENTS
REGARDING
GOVERNMENT’S
ROLE IN
BUSINESS
• argued that factory life
and poor working
conditions harmed work
• argued that all citizens
should own all means of
production
• argued that government
assistance would prevent
the best businesses
from rising to the
top
SECTION 3
Labor Strives to Organize
Question:
Why did some Americans
want trusts to be banned
and how did the
government respond?
SECTION 3
Labor Strives to Organize
Americans’ Arguments
Against Trusts
• argued that without competition,
large monopolies would not
maintain quality or keep prices low
Government
Response
• passes the Sherman
Antitrust Act
Problems with Act
• failed to define a monopoly
or trust
• presented serious
enforcement problems
CHAPTER 6
Chapter Wrap-Up
Can you answer the following?
What impact did new technology have on
the rise of big business?
How did technological developments
change Americans’ daily lives in the late
1800s?
Why did unions only partially succeed in
ensuring the rights of working people?
CHAPTER 7
The Transformation of
American Society
Section 1: The New Immigrants
Section 2: The Urban World
Section 3: Daily Life in the Cities
SECTION 1
The New Immigrants
Question:
Where did new immigrants
in the United States go for
assistance?
SECTION 1
The New Immigrants
ethnic
neighborhoods
benevolent
societies
businesses
churches
Institutions
That Helped
Immigrants
Adapt to
Life in the
United
States
synagogues
temples
SECTION 2
The Urban World
Question:
What changes occurred
in middle-class life during
the late 1800s?
SECTION 2
The Urban World
MIDDLE-CLASS LIFE DURING THE 1800s
Change: Professionalization
Change: Women’s Lives
created a demand for workers
educated in specialized fields
received more opportunities to
work outside the home
led to the establishment of
professional schools and
organizations
lightened their domestic chores
with sewing machines, servants,
and so on
expanded the middle class
increased participation in
cultural and social activities
SECTION 3
Daily Life in Crisis
Question:
What were some new
forms of popular music
and entertainment that
developed in the late 1800s?
SECTION 3
Daily Life in Crisis
NEW FORMS OF ENTERTAINMENT
IN THE LATE 1800s
Form
Theatre
Music
Characteristics
Wide range of types; from
Shakespearean to vaudeville
Ragtime music, which
inspired lively dances
CHAPTER 7
Chapter Wrap-Up
Can you answer the following?
What impact did new technology have on
the rise of big business?
How did technological developments
change Americans’ daily lives in the late
1800s?
Why did unions only partially succeed in
ensuring the rights of working people?
CHAPTER 8
Politics in the Gilded Age
Section 1: Political Machines
Section 2: Restoring Honest
Government
Section 3: The Populist Movement
SECTION 1
Political Machines
Question:
Why were immigrants
important to political
machines?
SECTION 1
Political Machines
Ways in
Which Machines
Recruited and
Rewarded Immigrants
Why
Immigrants Were
Important to
Machines
• represented a huge supply of
supporters and voters
• tended to be particularly loyal
to machines
POLITICAL
MACHINES
AND
IMMIGRANTS
• welcomed immigrants
upon arrival
• found immigrants temporary
housing and jobs
• helped immigrants become
naturalized citizens
• helped immigrants with
finances, funerals,
and so on
SECTION 2
Restoring Honest Government
Question:
How did the presidents
view political reform
during the Gilded Age?
SECTION 2
Restoring Honest Government
President Arthur and Reforms
• supported reform after the assassination of President Garfield
• helped pass Pendleton Civil Service Act
Effect on Republicans and the Election of 1884
• split the Republicans
• Stalwarts voted for James Blaine, the Half-Breed candidate;
reform Republicans voted for Grover Cleveland, the Democratic
candidate
President Cleveland’s Reforms
• doubled the number of jobs requiring civil service exams
• promoted reform in general
President Harrison’s Response
• returned to political patronage
• spent money on Republican pet projects
SECTION 3
The Populist Movement
Question:
How did farmers’ movements
make efforts to help farmers,
and what factors weakened
those efforts?
SECTION 3
The Populist Movement
• formed cooperatives
• pressured states to
regulate freight and
grain-storage rates
• offered low-cost
insurance
• lobbied for graduated
income tax
• The government
limited the
power of ICC.
Efforts
to Help
Farmers
FARMER’S
ORGANIZATIONS
Factors
that
Weakened
Efforts
• The existence of
racial segregation
in southern states
prevented a strong
farmers’ coalition.
CHAPTER 8
Chapter Wrap-Up
Can you answer the following?
How were political machines able to
unite immigrant groups to support their
candidates?
Why might many Stalwarts have
considered civil service reform a violation of
the democratic heritage of the United States?
Why did William Jennings Bryan win such
strong support in some parts of the country
but so little in other regions?
CHAPTER 9
The Age of Reform
Section 1: The Progressive Movement
Section 2: Reforming the New
Industrial Order
Section 3: Reforming Society
SECTION 1
The Progressive Movement
Question:
What words are associated
with progressive reformers?
SECTION 1
The Age of Reform
REFORMERS’ BACKGROUNDS
native born
usually urban
middle or upper class
college educated
SECTION 2
Reforming the New Industrial Order
Question:
How did the Supreme Court
rule on labor laws?
SECTION 2
Reforming the New Industrial Order
SUPREME COURT RULINGS ON LABOR LAWS
Conflict or Case
In response to social legislation,
business owners claimed that laws
regulating their businesses unfairly
deprived them of property.
Ruling
The Court sided with business owners
and overturned much early social
legislation.
Lochner v. New York—New York law
limited bakers’ workdays to 10 hours.
The Court overturned the 10-hour workday,
citing freedom of contract—workers
should be free to accept any working
conditions.
Muller v. Oregon—Employer challenged
the 10-hour workday.
The Court upheld 10-hour workday law
based on the “Brandeis Brief,” which
contained examples of the harm that
long hours had on women’s health.
SECTION 3
Reforming Society
Question:
How did Reformers hope
to improve moral
standards?
SECTION 3
Reforming Society
ASL & NCTU led crusade against alcohol
called for “patriotic sacrifice”
led to the passage of the Eighteenth Amendment
Alcohol
Moral problems
reformers demanded censorship
Movies
local and state governments set up censorship boards
movie industry censored itself
CHAPTER 9
Chapter Wrap-Up
Can you answer the following?
Why did states pass laws to protect
workers’ rights?
How did progressives propose to extend
opportunities to all citizens?
How did progressives help win passage of
the Eighteenth Amendment?
CHAPTER 10
Progressive Politicians
Section 1: Reforming Government
Section 2: Roosevelt and the
Square Deal
Section 3: Reform Under Taft
Section 4: Wilson’s “New Freedom”
SECTION 1
Reforming Government
Question:
What election reforms took
place in the early 1900s?
SECTION 1
Reforming Government
• direct primary—voters pick the candidates to run in a general election
• Seventeenth Amendment—voters elect their senators directly
• secret ballot—candidates are selected from a single, uniform ballot
• initiative—gives voters the power to initiate legislation
• referendum—allows voters to approve or veto a recently passed law
• recall—enables voters to remove an elected official from office
Election
Reforms
Greater Voter Rights
SECTION 2
Roosevelt and the Square Deal
Question:
Who first instituted
environmental policies?
SECTION 2
Roosevelt and the Square Deal
Theodore
Roosevelt
Gifford
Pinochet
• recognized that natural
resources were limited
• recognized that business
usually took precedence, to the
detriment of the environment
• created forest reserves
• started a reclamation policy
• worked to create
national parks
• was an educated forester
The
Environment
• coined the word conservation
• wanted to protect the
environment
SECTION 3
Reform Under Taft
Question:
How did a split in the
Republican Party and the
creation of the Progressive
Party help ensure Wilson’s
election?
SECTION 3
Reform Under Taft
Divisions in the Republican Party
• members differed over William Howard Raft’s performance—
some saw him as eroding Theodore Roosevelt’s policies
• the Ballinger-Pinochet affair
• the attack on Joseph Cannon
The Formation of the Progressive Party
Effect on the Presidential Election of 1912
• split the Republican Party
• siphoned votes from Taft and gave votes to Woodrow Wilson
• resulted in a Democratic victory and the election of Wilson
SECTION 4
Wilson’s “New Freedom”
Question:
How did President Wilson’s
proposals affect big business
and U.S. citizens?
SECTION 4
Wilson’s “New Freedom”
TARIFF REFORM
BANKING REFORM
reform: Underwood Tariff Act
effects: allowed the
reform: Federal Reserve Act
effects: created “bankers’
government to investigate
corporations; allowed the
government to issue
“cease and desist” orders
banks” stabilized the banking
system; helped small farmers
gain access to lower interest
rates
GENERAL BUSINESS
REFORM
reform: Clayton Antitrust Act
effects: extended the 1890
Sherman Antitrust Act; helped
the government regulate
monopolies
PRESIDENT
WILSON
AND
BIG
BUSINESS
reform: Federal Trade
Commission
effects: allowed the
government to investigate
corporations; allowed the
government to issue
“cease and desist” orders
CHAPTER 10
Chapter Wrap-Up
Can you answer the following?
How did reformers seeks to limit the power
of big business and make government more
democratic in the early 1900s?
How did President Roosevelt attempt to
regulate business without discouraging
free enterprise?
Why were the Sixteenth, Seventeenth, and
Nineteenth Amendments adopted?