Technology Options and
HPMPs
Montreal Protocol and Chemicals Unit
UNDP
Technology Choice
 MOP Decision XIX/6 (2007): encourages Parties to promote
the selection of alternatives to HCFCs that minimise
environmental impacts, in particular impacts on climate, as
well as meeting other health, safety and economic
considerations.
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Technology Options: PU Foam
 Wide list of alternatives
 Hydrocarbons
 HFCs
 H2O
 CO2
 Methylal
 Methyl Formate
 Emergent technologies: unsaturated HFCs (HFOs);
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Polyurethane (PU) Foam Sector
 PU market is facing external demand from consumers
looking for “greener products” (i.e.: blowing agents that are not
HCFC-based and with the lowest GWP possible);
 ExCom’s decision to phase-out high-ODP HCFCs first, but
need to consider
 Size of PU Industry (HCFC consumption);
 Low-GWP alternatives commercially and technically available
within the country for the specific PU applications.
 Demonstration/Pilot Projects
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Technology Options: Demonstration Projects
Foam Sector – Brazil and Mexico
Pilot project for validation of Methyl Formate in PU- Foam
Applications
 Approved at 56th ExCom in November 2008
 The objective is to develop, optimize and validate the
use of methyl formate as a blowing agent in PU
applications
 Brazil: 14 applications
 Mexico: 1 application (shoesoles)
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Technology Options: Demonstration Projects
Foam Sector – Brazil and Mexico
Status as of today:
 Final report presented to 62nd ExCom.
 Alternative for SMEs
 Some issues with flammability at system house level.
 Availability depending on the national context.
 Acid proofing of equipment is needed.
 Not suitable for Domestic Refrigeration
 Included as one of the alternatives in approved MLF
projects for Mexico, Brazil, Jamaica, TT, Cameroon, etc.
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Technology Options: Demonstration Projects
Foam Sector – Brazil
Pilot project for validation of Methylal in PU- Foam
Applications
 Approved at 58th ExCom in July 2009
 The objective is to develop, optimize and validate the
use of methylal as a blowing agent in PU applications
 Brazil: 14 applications
 Mexico: 1 application (shoesoles)
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Technology Options: Demonstration Projects
Foam Sector – Brazil
Status as of today:
 interim report to be presented to 65th ExCom.
 Preliminary results look promising.
 Issues with flammability.
 Emission study needs to be finalized.
 Project to be completed by the end of 2011.
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Technology Options: Demonstration Projects
Foam Sector - Egypt
 Low Cost Options for the Use of HC as Foaming Agent
in the Manufacture of PU Foam
 Approved at 58th ExCom in July 2009
 The objective of this project is to develop, optimize, and
disseminate low-cost systems for the use of hydrocarbons
in the manufacture of PU rigid insulation and integral skin
foams.
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Technology Options: Demonstration Projects
Foam Sector - Egypt
Status as of today:
 Tests with direct injection and preblended polyols have
been carried out.
 An interim report summarizing achievements and
deficiencies was formulated;
 Need for additional optimization of HC blends to reach
commercial shelf lives.
 The final draft report is expected to be ready by end of
2011.”
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Technology Options: Demonstration Projects
XPS Foam Sector – China
Demonstration project for conversion from HCFC-22 /
HCFC-142b technology to CO2 with methyl formate coblowing technology in the manufacture of extruded
polystyrene foam at Feininger (Nanjing)
 Approved at 64th ExCom in July 2011
Status as of today:
To be completed by mid-2013
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Technology Options: Demonstration Projects
XPS Foam Sector – Turkey
Validation of the use of HFO-1234ze as Blowing Agent in
the Manufacture of Extruded Polystyrene Foam
Boardstock.
 Approved at 60th ExCom in April 2010
 Once completed, the technology is expected to
contribute to availability of cost-effective options to
implement HCFC phase-out in extruded polystyrene
boardstock.
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Technology Options: Demonstration Projects
XPS Foam Sector - Turkey
Status as of today:
 Production tests have been done with supplied chemical
in February 2011.
 Technical visits took place for the trials and discussion
of results and foam properties.
 The next round of trials will be arranged in January
2012.
 An updated interim report will be provided after the trials
and foam property tests have been completed in 2012.
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Demonstration Projects in Solvents
UNDP is implementing one demonstration project in China
 Iso-paraffin and siloxane (KC-6) for cleaning in the
manufacture of medical devices.
 Approved at 64th ExCom in July 2011
 To be completed by mid-2013.
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HPMPs with RAC Components
 Countries with low HCFC141b consumption or
technology selection challenges had to prioritize the
RAC manufacturing sector to meet their phase-out
targets (2013-2015);
 In this case, countries may face opportunities and also
constrains to cope with the RAC sector challenges to
phase-out the HCFC-22;
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RAC Sector: Technology Selection
 Perfect solution for HCFC-22 replacement difficult
 Selection of HCFCs alternatives involve commitments and
balanced analysis. Factors to look include:
 cost, availability, health, environment, performance
and safety.
 In relation to performance and safety, we believe that if
there are significant energy savings(a product with higher
EE) , the industry itself will find solutions for safety issues
in a satisfactory form.
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RAC Technology Options
 Hydrocarbons, NH3, CO2 and HFCs.
 HFC-32 and HFOs(emerging) may have initial
commercial restrictions, such as:
 Production and availability, including of components
(compressors valves, heat exchangers, etc).
 Patents/licenses
 In the end, the Industry and their clients will lead the
technology choice/ according to the country’s reality.
 Demonstration Projects
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Demonstration Projects in RAC
UNDP is implementing demonstration projects in China
RAC
 Ammonia/CO2 in the manufacture of two-stage
refrigeration systems for cold storage and freezing
applications at Yantai
 HFC-32 in the manufacture of commercial air-source
chillers/heat pumps at Tong Fang;
Approved at 60th ExCom
To be completed by Mid- 2012
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Concern
 Expansion/relocation of plants for High-GWP HFC-based
products in A5 countries with rapid growth of servicing tail.
 The climate benefits obtained from the conversion of the
Foam Sector (HCFC-141b phase-out) may be potentially
overcome by the introduction of higher-GWP alternatives in
AC sector.
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Important to have in mind…
 The reduction in the HCFC-22 consumption in
developing countries, without a clear legal/technological
positioning, may result in adverse impacts to the climate
regime;

e.g.: if the developing countries forbid the HCFC-22
based units (production and imports), the “automatic”
alternative for AC would be HFC-410A…
HCFC-22 (GWP: 1,810) ----- HFC-410A (GWP: 2,088)
* IPCC 4th Assessment Report
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Technology Options: RAC Servicing
The RAC Servicing should be carefully analyzed:
 Growing use of HCFC and HFC blends (with higher GWP than
HCFC-22) for retrofit purposes;
 Future demand on HCFCs and HFCs to service units being
produced now;
 Training of technicians to handle different HCFC-alternatives
characteristics:
 Low, Mild and High flammability;
Toxicity;
High and super-critical pressures
Recovery, Recycling and Reuse (RRR) including the safe
storage and final disposal of alternatives
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UNDP focusing on…
 Strengthening Regional and Country Teams to give
support to A-5 countries;
 Adopting new modalities of project implementation to
have faster delivery to meet 2015 obligations:
 Performance Based Contracts and Letters of Agreements
 Auditing and in situ verifications to ensure reductions were met;
 Project Steering Committees to guarantee activities are being
implemented in a sound way.
 Increasing A-5 access to expertise in all key sectors;
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UNDP focusing on( cont)…
 Supporting the dissemination of information about lower
GWP alternatives;
 Implementing Pilot and Demonstration Projects to
assess recently developed technologies that maximize
climate benefits;
 Identifying and mobilizing multilateral and bilateral
finance and co-finance from multiple sources to support
A-5 countries;
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THANK YOU!
Comments, suggestions and questions are welcome!
http://www.undp.org/chemicals/montrealprotocol.htm
kasper.koefoed@undp.org
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