• A system of laws, policies, and practices that pushes students out of schools and into the juvenile and criminal systems • An over-reliance on school suspension to manage behavior • A willingness to view adolescent misbehavior as criminal activity • Short-term suspension in NC schools, by year • Long-term suspensions in NC schools, by year • 2012-13 • 750,000 school days lost to suspension from school • 248,000 short-term suspensions (1-10 days) • 1,423 long-term suspensions (more than 10 days) • 37 permanent expulsions • Overall rate: •1 in 11 students suspended •In high school, 1 in 8 • Students more likely than others to be in the school-to-prison pipeline: • Start behind on social and academic skills due to limited enrichment from birth – age 5 • Have continued poor academic achievement, often having been retained in at least one grade • Have been raised in a low-income, single-parent household • Have no or limited family history of post-secondary education percentage of black students suspended 5% 17% 83% percentage of white students suspended suspended suspended not suspended not suspended 95% General population 12% 88% Students with disabilities Students without disabilities Suspended students 26% 74% Students with disabilities Students without disabilities • As an affected student misses more school and feels the sting of rejection and “unfairness,” misbehavior gets worse, not better • Student may begin skipping school to avoid negative interactions and embarrassment of poor academic achievement • Student begins engaging in unlawful community behavior, such as vandalism, theft, etc. • Student may connect with gangs or other excluded students • Student gets arrested and ultimately incarcerated • School resource officers (SROs) are law enforcement officers permanently assigned to work in schools • Nearly all high schools in the state have at least one SRO • Two-thirds of middle schools have at least one SRO • 20 percent of elementary schools have an SRO • Steady increase in the number of SROs in schools • Can create an atmosphere of hostility and control rather than safety and support • More SROs result in more schoolrelated behaviors becoming juvenile and criminal offenses • 46% of all juvenile complaints are the result of school-based offenses (students under age 16). • Top three delinquent offenses: • Simple assault • Misdemeanor larceny • Disorderly conduct at school • No data are kept on how many 16 and 17-year-olds have criminal charges for school-based offenses, but anecdotally, we know it is a high number • At least one in three juveniles arrested has a disability • Students with disabilities are three times more likely to be arrested before leaving high school than the general population.* • *Source: The Hechinger Report, Oct. 26, 2014 • “ Pipeline to Prison: Special Education Too Often Leads to Jail for Thousands of American Children” • Students with emotional disabilities tend to be more impulsive, less able to problem-solve, and less able to manage emotions, resulting in aggressive or other disorderly behaviors • For individuals students, school suspension is linked to: • Poor academic achievement, both short term & long term • Lasting disconnection between suspended student and school • Increased truancy and future misbehavior • Increased risk of later incarceration • Difficult to find evidence that suspension reduces misbehavior; higher rates of suspension do not correlate with safer, more orderly schools • Commitment to Change • Prevention • Intervention • Alternatives 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0 • 2011 – N.C. General Assembly revised the state law on school discipline • Left discipline primarily in the discretion of local school boards, but – • Made zero tolerance approach unlawful • Requires the consider mitigating circumstances • Requires that long-term suspensions be restricted to serious violations of board policy • Encourages use of alternatives to suspension • Spelled out “due process” procedures • School boards can limit the authority of principals and the superintendent to impose suspensions in certain circumstances • Examples – • No suspension from elementary school • No suspension on first offense • No suspension until certain interventions are tried • No suspension for longer than 30 days • No suspension for certain offenses (i.e., disrespect, disobedience) • No court referrals for most school offenses • Engage students in academics • Support & train staff in behavior management, cultural competency • Implement Positive Behavioral Interventions and Support • Reduce class size • Make social, emotional, and behavioral education a regular part of school • Engage parents • • • • Student support teams Mentoring & counseling Social work services Substance abuse intervention • Personal Education Plans • Effective IEPs for students with disabilities • • • • • Mediation Restorative justice Restitution Community service Effective alternative schools • Effective in-school alternative learning centers • North Carolina is the only state in the United States that always treats 16 and 17 year olds as adults in the criminal justice system • Deprives 16 & 17 year olds of the “rehabilitative” aspects of juvenile system • Deprives 16 & 17 year olds of the confidentiality of the juvenile system (giving them public criminal records) • Results in incarceration in adult jails • Youth Justice North Carolina -- http://youthjusticenc.org/ • Watch the documentary: “North Carolina’s School to Prison Pipeline” • NC Child -- Raise the Age http://www.ncchild.org/whatchildren-need/juvenile-justice